Abstract
ABSTRACT: Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.
Highlights
Knowledge regarding anesthesia methods and cardiovascular parameters are essential to ensure the safe manipulation of capuchin monkeys
Opioids are widely used for primate anesthesia because of their minimal cardiovascular effects when used for pre, intra, and postoperative pain control, and because they allow the dose reduction of other associated anesthetic agents (HORNE et al, 2001)
This study evaluated the cardiorespiratory effects and blood gas variables of capuchin monkeys (S.apella) immobilized with ketamine-S (+) and dexmedetomidine or ketamine-S (+), midazolam, and methadone, as well as assessed the quality and safety of both protocols
Summary
Knowledge regarding anesthesia methods and cardiovascular parameters are essential to ensure the safe manipulation of capuchin monkeys. Alpha-2-adrenergic agonists are commonly coadministrated with ketamine, due to their ability to promote muscle relaxation, sedation, and some degree of visceral analgesia Benzodiazepines bind mainly to GABA receptors and hold the main advantageous because of their anxiolytic action, sedation promotion, and muscle relaxation, with minimal impact on the cardiovascular system (ROWLETT et al, 2015). Opioids are widely used for primate anesthesia because of their minimal cardiovascular effects when used for pre -, intra -, and postoperative pain control, and because they allow the dose reduction of other associated anesthetic agents (HORNE et al, 2001). The main advantage of methadone over other opioids is its effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which are used to treat hyperalgesia and refractory pain (AXELROD et al, 2007). This study evaluated the cardiorespiratory effects and blood gas variables of capuchin monkeys (S.apella) immobilized with ketamine-S (+) and dexmedetomidine or ketamine-S (+), midazolam, and methadone, as well as assessed the quality and safety of both protocols
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