Abstract
BackgroundNabidae, a family of predatory heteropterans, includes two subfamilies and five tribes. We previously reported the complete mitogenome of Alloeorhynchus bakeri, a representative of the tribe Prostemmatini in the subfamily Prostemmatinae. To gain a better understanding of architecture and evolution of mitogenome in Nabidae, mitogenomes of five species representing two tribes (Gorpini and Nabini) in the subfamily Nabinae were sequenced, and a comparative mitogenomic analysis of three nabid tribes in two subfamilies was carried out.Methodology/Principal FindingsNabid mitogenomes share a similar nucleotide composition and base bias, except for the control region, where differences are observed at the subfamily level. In addition, the pattern of codon usage is influenced by the GC content and consistent with the standard invertebrate mitochondrial genetic code and the preference for A+T-rich codons. The comparison among orthologous protein-coding genes shows that different genes have been subject to different rates of molecular evolution correlated with the GC content. The stems and anticodon loops of tRNAs are extremely conserved, and the nucleotide substitutions are largely restricted to TψC and DHU loops and extra arms, with insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Comparative analysis shows similar rates of substitution between the two rRNAs. Long non-coding regions are observed in most Gorpini and Nabini mtDNAs in-between trnI-trnQ and/or trnS2-nad1. The lone exception, Nabis apicalis, however, has lost three tRNAs. Overall, phylogenetic analysis using mitogenomic data is consistent with phylogenies constructed mainly form morphological traits.Conclusions/SignificanceThis comparative mitogenomic analysis sheds light on the architecture and evolution of mitogenomes in the family Nabidae. Nucleotide diversity and mitogenomic traits are phylogenetically informative at subfamily level. Furthermore, inclusion of a broader range of samples representing various taxonomic levels is critical for the understanding of mitogenomic evolution in damsel bugs.
Highlights
Insect mitochondrial genome typically consists a single circular molecule that is 14–20 kb long and usually contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and one or more non-coding (NC) regions with essential regulatory elements for transcription and replication [1,2]
Four complete mitogenomes were from Alloeorhynchus bakeri Harris [14], Nabis apicalis Matsumura, Gorpis annulatus Paiva, and Gorpis humeralis (Distant), and two nearly complete mitogenomes were from Himacerus apterus (Fabricius) and Himacerus nodipes (Hsiao)
Two pairs of overlapping genes were common to all six mitogenomes: atp8-atp6 and nad4-nad4L, and shared nearly the same 7 bp sequence (ATGATAA), with the exception of A. bakeri (ATGATAG overlap between nad4 and nad4L)
Summary
Insect mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) typically consists a single circular molecule that is 14–20 kb long and usually contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) (the large and small ribosomal subunits), and one or more non-coding (NC) regions ( referred to as the control region, CR) with essential regulatory elements for transcription and replication [1,2]. Called damsel bugs, is a relatively small family of Heteroptera with approximately 20 genera and 500 species [11] and comprise of two subfamilies Prostemmatinae and Nabinae, and five tribes [12]. Most members of Prostemmatinae appear more stout-bodied and occasionally posses distinctive red and black color patterns. They are ground-living with enlarged and strong forelegs and appear to prey exclusively on other insects. The distinctive subfamily level differences make the damsel bugs an ideal group to study the evolution of mitogenomes. To gain a better understanding of architecture and evolution of mitogenome in Nabidae, mitogenomes of five species representing two tribes (Gorpini and Nabini) in the subfamily Nabinae were sequenced, and a comparative mitogenomic analysis of three nabid tribes in two subfamilies was carried out
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