Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Pigment Cells in Nonmammalian Tissues

Molecular biology and advanced techniques informed by chemistry and physics have changed biological research and teaching. Today's students take for granted that as they study the life sciences, they will hear a lot about genes and molecules. Sir William Harvey would be profoundly disorientated and then gratified by a visit to the Harvey Society's website (www.harveysociety.org). The man who accurately described the functional anatomy of the circulatory system would appreciate the extent to which his evidence-based approach to animal physiology has won the day. Indeed, understanding life processes at a molecular level is immensely satisfying. Three cheers for reductionism (Figure 1). Figure 1. The i heart guts website sells plush toys based on most of your favorite internal organs. It can be difficult, however, to fully appreciate the beauty of molecular details if the larger functions they serve are poorly understood. After all, it is the anatomical genius of the circulatory system that ensures that every cell of the body benefits from the marvel of hemoglobin. The steadily growing body of biological information makes it more challenging to preserve places in the curriculum to provide organismal and physiological context for students, and to cultivate deep thinking about how complex biological systems function through emergent properties of molecular mechanics. We are all interested in how our bodies work and are obsessed, if not enthralled, by our innards, or as one website (http://iheartguts.com/) would put it, “we heart guts.” My main goal for this review is to uncover websites that can be used to infuse the biology curriculum with systems and organismal context. Because a human anatomy and physiology (A&P) sequence is still part of most life science curricula, websites that support the teaching of A&P vastly outnumber websites concerned with general physiological principles or comparative physiology and anatomy. I highlight websites that emphasize fundamental principles and a comparative approach, but I also point to several excellent sites devoted to human A&P (Figure 2). Figure 2. The University of Utah Medical Library has a number of outstanding educational resources and tutorials on its Knowledge Weavers website, including an excellent animation of the circulation through the heart. To honor Harvey, let's begin by looking at a website that does an outstanding job of showing how our hearts work. The Knowledge Weavers website (http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/) from the University of Utah medical library offers many excellent resources. Their Flash-animated heart (http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/resources.html#animations) is one of the best of many available on the Web. The action of the heart is linked to dynamic graphs of blood pressure/volume, electrocardiogram, and heart sounds. The progress of the heart cycle is tracked by systole and diastole, in turn subdivided into relevant phases, and controls are available to run the animation fast, slow, or in step-through mode. The Flash console conveniently locates links to tutorials. The tutorials, by dissecting the animation step by step, should help students consolidate their learning based on the animation. It would be an interesting assessment to have students make their own tutorials and then see how they measure up to those made by the website authors. In addition to the cardiology information, the site also has an interesting concept for presenting a functional neural pathway. The Osteointeractive section (http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/index2.html) is noteworthy in presenting topics such as forensic anthropology and paleopathology, including the use of bones for human rights work. They've also developed tools to help faculty make multimedia and Web-based quizzes.

Osmoregulation and urea metabolism in the little skate Raja erinacea.

GIANT NERVE FIBER SYSTEM OF THE CRAYFISH. A CONTRIBUTION TO COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF SYNAPSE

Comparative anatomy and physiology are disciplines related to structures and mechanisms in three-dimensional (3D) space. For the past centuries, scientific reports in these fields have relied on written descriptions and two-dimensional (2D) illustrations, but in recent years 3D virtual modelling has entered the scene. However, comprehending complex anatomical structures is hampered by reproduction on flat inherently 2D screens. One way to circumvent this problem is in the production of 3D-printed scale models. We have applied computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to produce digital models of animal anatomy well suited to be printed on low-cost 3D printers. In this communication, we report how to apply such technology in comparative anatomy and physiology to aid discovery, description, comprehension and communication, and we seek to inspire fellow researchers in these fields to embrace this emerging technology.

Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken

Intracellular pH.

Carbonic anhydrase: chemistry, physiology, and inhibition.

Myoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion: role of myoglobin in oxygen entry into muscle.

Introduction: The field of music therapy is diverse and complex. Authors have navigated such complexity in myriad ways, often to locate the field’s unique values and purposes. Ensuing orientations and models have been valuable, but do not encompass the entirety of current and future practices/practitioners. I introduce the multiplicity concept to highlight intricacies and promote opportunities. Method I re-envision Bruscia’s construction of music therapy as a multiplicity – an interactive relationship between art, science, and humanity – through the rigor of Gilles Deleuze’s multiplicity concept: (a) difference between and within, (b) the extensive and intensive, and (c) the actual and virtual through a range of examples and illustrations. I also note how the multiplicity of music engages with context (client, therapist, and environment), seeking to illustrate the potential for multiplicity to address our uniqueness in a more nuanced and dynamic fashion than is commonly presented. Results In order to show resonance and variation, I dialogue with historical and current concepts and perspectives employed in music therapy. A resultant conceptual edifice includes: processes that are multiple, outcomes that multiply, and options that allow one to decenter and pivot as needed in context. The unique dynamism of multiplicity allows us to engage in between the components of creativity, organization, and human relationship in new ways. Discussion The ideas I present here are not entirely new, but have rarely if ever been highlighted in this fashion. This re-envisioning of Bruscia’s multiplicity offers a unique, dynamic metatheoretical frame for the field to (re)consider current perspectives.

Previous articleNext article No AccessA Study of the Mechanism of Cyanide Inhibition: I. Effect of Concentration on the Egg of Melanoplus differentialisW. A. Robbie, E. J. Boell, and J. H. BodineW. A. Robbie Search for more articles by this author , E. J. Boell Search for more articles by this author , and J. H. Bodine Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 11, Number 1Jan., 1938 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.11.1.30151440 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ivar P.S. Agrell, Anders M. Lundquist PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING INSECT DEVELOPMENT, (Jan 1973): 159–247.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-591601-1.50011-9V.B. Wigglesworth The Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Reproduction in Insects, (Jan 1964): 247–336.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60076-4Charles S. Shoup, Frederick T. Wolf The action of cyanide upon the respiration of the aquatic fungus, Allomyces, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 28, no.33 (Dec 1946): 365–379.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030280309RICHARD L. BURT NARCOSIS AND CELL DIVISION IN COLPODA STEINII, The Biological Bulletin 88, no.11 (Sep 2016): 12–29.https://doi.org/10.2307/1538167 Joseph Hall Bodine , and Wilbur A. Robbie Physiological Characteristics of the Diapause Grasshopper Egg: II. Changes in Density and Weight during Development, Physiological Zoology 16, no.33 (Sep 2015): 279–287.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.16.3.30151700Wilbur A. Robbie The action of cyanide on eggs and embryos of the grasshopper, melanoplus differentialis, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 17, no.33 (Jun 1941): 369–384.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030170312 Robert H. Hall The Effect of Cyanide on Oxygen Consumption of Colpidium Campylum, Physiological Zoology 14, no.22 (Sep 2015): 193–208.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.14.2.30161739Thomas Hunter Allen Enzymes in ontogenesis (Orthoptera) XI. Cytochrome oxidase in relation to respiratory activity and growth of the grasshopper egg, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 16, no.22 (Oct 1940): 149–163.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030160203BARRY COMMONER CYANIDE INHIBITION AS A MEANS OF ELUCIDATING THE MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION, Biological Reviews 15, no.22 (Apr 1940): 168–201.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1940.tb00753.xLoren D. Carlson, Joseph Hall Bodine The action of certain stimulating and inhibiting substances on the respiration of the grasshopper embryo, Melanoplus differentialis, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 14, no.22 (Oct 1939): 159–172.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030140203T. Cunliffe Barnes The electrical potential of frog skin stained with fluorescent dyes, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 14, no.11 (Aug 1939): 83–94.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030140108Barry Commoner The effect of cyanide on the respiration of bakers' yeast in various concentrations of dextrose, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 13, no.22 (Apr 1939): 121–138.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030130202

FACILITATION AND INHIBITION OF SPINAL MOTONEURONS

Central control of breathing in mammals: neuronal circuitry, membrane properties, and neurotransmitters

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Action of Certain Stimulating and Inhibiting Substances on the Respiration of Active and Blocked Eggs and Isolated EmbryosJoseph Hall Bodine and Edgar John BoellJoseph Hall Bodine Search for more articles by this author and Edgar John Boell Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 10, Number 3Jul., 1937 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.10.3.30151410 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 11Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Margaret Keister, John Buck RESPIRATION: SOME EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS EFFECTS ON RATE OF RESPIRATION, (Jan 1974): 469–509.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-591606-6.50014-8Ivar P.S. Agrell, Anders M. Lundquist PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING INSECT DEVELOPMENT, (Jan 1973): 159–247.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-591601-1.50011-9P. KARLSON, C.E. SEKERIS Biochemistry of Insect Metamorphosis, (Jan 1964): 221–243.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-395547-0.50011-2Hans -Joachim Horstmann Sauerstoffverbrauch und Trockengewicht der Embryonen von Lymnaea stagnalis L., Zeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie 41, no.44 (Jan 1958): 390–404.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344262Julian Huxley Morphism and evolution, Heredity 9, no.11 (Apr 1955): 1–52.https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1955.1 S. R. Tipton , and G. S. St. Amand The Effects of X-Rays on the Respiratory Metabolism of Eggs and Embryos of the Grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata, Physiological Zoology 27, no.44 (Sep 2015): 311–317.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.27.4.30152365E. J. Boell The effects of radiations on respiratory metabolism, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 39, no.S2S2 (Jul 1952): 19–42.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030390405Wilbur A. Robbie The action of cyanide on eggs and embryos of the grasshopper, melanoplus differentialis, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 17, no.33 (Jun 1941): 369–384.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030170312Thomas Hunter Allen Enzymes in ontogenesis (Orthoptera) XI. Cytochrome oxidase in relation to respiratory activity and growth of the grasshopper egg, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 16, no.22 (Oct 1940): 149–163.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030160203Loren D. Carlson, Joseph Hall Bodine The action of certain stimulating and inhibiting substances on the respiration of the grasshopper embryo, Melanoplus differentialis, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 14, no.22 (Oct 1939): 159–172.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030140203Joseph Hall Bodine, Edgar John Boell The influence of some dinitrophenols on respiratory metabolism during certain phases of embryonic development, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 11, no.11 (Feb 1938): 41–63.https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030110104

Gills and kidneys in ureosmotic regulation in euryhaline skates.

Morphological basis of alveolar-capillary gas exchange.