Comparative Analysis of Wheat Grain Protein Content: Wet Chemistry and NIR Based Methods

The purpose.To elaborate methodical approach to determination of influence of parameters of soil fertility on the content of protein in grain of winter wheat on the basis of methods of mathematical processing experimental information of field experiments.Methods.Complex of mathematical tools of prospecting analysis, correlation coefficients at studied parameters, regression dependences of content of protein of winter wheat on parameters of fertility of soils, prognostic models of content of protein in grain using equations of growth curves, integrated parameter of the level of soil fertility and its influence upon the content of protein in grain of winter wheat.Results.On the basis of analytical calculations it is determined that change of content of protein in grain of winter wheat depends on change of content of nitrogen of nitrates, content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in soil.In grain of wheat the forecast of content of protein is calculated for 3 nearest seasons.The level of joint influence of three parameters of soil on the content of protein in grain of winter wheat is specified.Methodical approach to mathematical processing the experimental information of field experiments on an instance of determination of dependences of influence of parameters of soil fertility on the content of protein in grain of winter wheat in conditions of steppe zone is developed.Conclusions.Levels are determined of dependence of content of protein in grain of winter wheat from parameters of soil fertility: high -from change of content of nitrogen of nitrates, average -from change of content of mobile potassium, low -from change of content of mobile phosphorus in soil.Forecast of change of protein in grain for the nearest season has a positive trend.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND BAKERY PROPERTIES OF GRAIN FORMS OF WHEAT CREATED BY HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. × TRITICUM SPELTA L.

Different wheat species, common wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum), spelt (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum), were analyzed for physicochemical (moisture, ash, protein, wet gluten, lipid, starch, carbohydrates, test weight and thousand-kernel mass) and mineral elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) concentrations in grains. Additionally, wheat grain microstructure was determined using a scanning electron microscope. SEM micrographs of wheat grains show that einkorn has smaller type A starch granule diameters and more compact protein bonds compared to common wheat and spelt grains, making it easier to digest. The ancient wheat grains presented higher values for ash, protein, wet gluten and lipid content compared to the common wheat grains, whereas the carbohydrates and starch content were significantly (p < 0.05) lower. The mean values showed that spelt (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) grains presented the highest values for Ca, Mg and K, while einkorn (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) grains had the highest values for the microelements Zn, Mn and Cu. The highest values of Fe were recorded for common wheat varieties whereas no significant differences among the species were obtained for Na content. The principal component analysis (p > 0.05) between wheat flours characteristics showed a close association between wheat grain species and between the chemical characteristics of gluten and protein content (r = 0.994), lipid and ash content (r = 0.952) and starch and carbohydrate content (r = 0.927), for which high positive significant correlations (p < 0.05) were obtained. Taking into account that Romania is the fourth largest wheat producer at the European level, this study is of great global importance. According to the results obtained, the ancient species have higher nutritional value from the point of view of chemical compounds and macro elements of minerals. This may be of great importance for consumers who demand bakery products with high nutritional quality.

The article presents the research results of the biochemical composition of grain – the content of protein, starch, ash, chemical elements in wheat grains (emmer, soft). The sedimentation index according to Zelen test, and the proportion of chemical elements in the grain ash were determined. It is known that the grain of diff erent wheat varieties diff er in size and content of anatomical components, which aff ects its biochemical composition. Modern wheat varieties can form grain with the protein content of about 20 %. Emmer is of high value as a raw material for dietary food. Biochemical components of emmer wheat grain, especially of new varieties, are poorly investigated. Therefore, studies on the biochemical composition of emmer wheat grain new varieties and lines are relevant. The aim of the study was to investigate the issue of then emmer wheat biochemical components, depending on the genotype. To properly evaluate the crop, the tasks of the study were performed – the protein and starch content, number of falls, ash content, trace element content, sedimentation index according to Zelen test were determined. The studies were conducted during 2017–2019 with Holikovska emmer wheat variety and LP 1152 line, grown under the Right-bank forest steppe. It was found that the biochemical composition of wheat grain (emmer, soft) signifi cantly depends on the varietal characteristics, agri-technical and weather conditions. The highest protein content and sedimentation index according to the Zelen test had the LP 1152 wheat line – 16.2 % and 53.9 cm3, respectively. In Holikovska emmer variety, these indicators were at the level of soft wheat Odessa Epoch variety – 13.8 % and 45.8 cm3 respectively. Protein content has greatly varied over the years of research. In emmer wheat grain – from 15.2 to 17.3 %, and in Holikovska variety – from 11.7 to 15.3 %. There is a strong correlation between protein content in grain and sedimentation index according to Zelen test. The starch content varied from 48.5 to 69.1 % in Holikovska variety grain and from 50.0 to 61.7 % in LP 1152 line grain. The alpha amylase activity of wheat varieties has been low throughout the research years. The average ash content of Holikovska wheat grain was 1.81 %, the LP 1152 line was 1.95 %, which is 19–22 % higher compared to the standard varieties, respectively, the variety Akratos and Age of Odessa. Emmer wheat grain has a signifi cantly higher content of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc and copper. Key words: wheat, emmer, variety, biochemical composition, protein, starch, chemical elements, sedimentation.

Comparative analysis of oil and protein content and seed yield of five Brassicaceae oilseeds on the Canadian prairie

Comparative analysis of the protein content of local subcutaneous tissue fluid and plasma

The date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered one of the primitive crops to be harvested in the Middle East. Nowadays, several varieties of dates are frequently available and being marketed at different price ranges, especially in the local markets of Bangladesh. However, there is no standardized data available to recognize the differences in the quality (nutritional quality) of Bangladeshi dates and Saudi Arabian dates. The current study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the nutrient contents of dates cultivated in Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia. Date samples were collected from the garden area of Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, and then the samples were in the laboratory to find out the differences in the macro-nutrient level among the Bangladeshi and Saudi Arabian dates. To measure the protein, carbohydrates, fat, and fiber levels within these two varieties we performed Kjeldahl digestion, colorimeter test, Soxhlet extraction, and muffle furnace method respectively. The biochemical analysis of date varieties in our study revealed that protein content was 3.08%, carbohydrate 75%, fat 1.20%, and fiber 3.22% in Bangladeshi dates, while in Saudi Arabian varieties, the protein content was 2.15%, carbohydrate 67%, fat 2.30%, and fiber 7.14%. The results indicated that in Bangladeshi varieties protein and carbohydrate contents are higher than the Saudi Arabian varieties but fat and fiber contents are lower in Bangladeshi varieties. As we could not analyze the quality of macronutrients in Bangladeshi and Saudi Arabian date varieties, it is difficult to make any conclusion about the health benefits of these date varieties.

Background: Turmeric and red chili are the common spices used for cuisine preparation in Bangladesh. Commercially packed turmeric and red chili might have decreased nutrient contents compared to raw turmeric and red chili.&#x0D; Aims: The study aimed to compare some of the nutrient values between the commercially packed and raw turmeric and red chili.&#x0D; Methods: Commercially packed turmeric and red chili with different brand names (Radhuni, Tiger and Pran) and in raw turmeric and red chili were purchased from local market. Proximate analyses - dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and mineral contents were performed. The total phenolics and total tannin contents were determined using appropriate methods.&#x0D; Results: The proximate analysis results showed that both Radhuni (97.56 mg/g) and Tiger (97.28 mg/g) turmeric revealed significantly higher content of DM (p&lt;0.001). No notable difference was observed in CP value. Crude fiber value displayed significantly highest value (p&lt;0.001) in Tiger brand (4.96 mg/g) and the lowest in Radhuni brand (1.76 mg/g). Mineral content was significantly (p&lt;0.05) highest in raw turmeric (9.97 mg/g). A significantly higher amount (p&lt;0.001) of DM in packed chili was recorded. Tiger chili contained significantly higher amount of CP (6.02 mg/g) and CF (9.31 mg/g) while Radhuni contained the lower amount of CP (4.81 mg/g) and CF (2.48 mg/g). Raw chili had significantly higher amount of ash (13.24 mg/g). Examination revealed significant level (p&lt;0.001) of total phenolics in acetone extracts of Tiger turmeric and chili powder. Significant amount of tannin was found in raw turmeric (33.89 µg/g; p&lt;0.005); however, Pran brand of turmeric had the lowest amount of tannin (9.53 µg/g). Tannin content recorded in red chili was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in commercially packed Tiger brand which was 16.57 µg/g compared to raw red chili (3.315 µg/g). Antioxidant analysis showed higher antioxidant activity in both raw turmeric and red chili powder.&#x0D; Conclusion: Tiger brand turmeric ensures the standard moisture, fiber and protein contents as well as the amount of phenolics and tannin.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content, proline, and protein levels of oak honeydew and oak honeydew-nectar honeys produced in Northwestern Greece, providing the first comparative compositional data for these honey types. Methods: Thirty-four honey samples (16 oak honeydew and 18 oak honeydew-nectar) were collected from the region of Western Macedonia during the 2021–2022 harvest seasons. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays), colour intensity (ABS450), and proline and protein contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Statistical analyses included independent-samples t-tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and multivariate techniques (PCA and hierarchical clustering) to assess variation and grouping patterns between honey types. Results: Oak honeydew honey showed higher TPC (137.52 vs. 115.69 mg GAE/100 g), antioxidant activity (DPPH: 20.26 vs. 15.24% inhibition; FRAP: 53.25 vs. 41.26 μΜ TE/100 g), and colour intensity (ABS450: 802 vs. 623.3 mAU) compared with oak honeydew-nectar honey (P &lt; 0.05). TFC (51.67 vs. 42.22 mg RUE/100 g), proline (965.62 vs. 1,095.68 mg/kg), and protein contents (0.24 vs. 0.27 mg/g) were similar between oak honeydew and oak honeydew-nectar honey, respectively, with no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among antioxidant activity, colour intensity, and flavonoid content, while protein exhibited inverse correlations with antioxidant parameters in oak honeydew honey but positive ones in oak honeydew-nectar honey. PCA showed a clear differentiation trend between the two honey types. Conclusions: Oak honeydew honey exhibited superior antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, reflecting a richer bioactive composition. These findings provide the first comparative insight into Greek oak honeys and highlight their practical significance for honey authentication, quality evaluation, and consumer awareness of honeydew honeys produced in Northwestern Greece.

Water stress alters physical and chemical quality in grains of common bean, triticale and wheat

The subject of the study was the conditions of formation of high-protein winter wheat grain. The main goal of the research was to identify the relationships between the main agrotechnical practices, weather conditions in the early spring and protein content in winter wheat grain and to create methodological foundations for the development, implementation and adjustment of ecologically adaptive technologies for growing winter wheat in the northern Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted during 1986-2005 at Kirovohrad State Agricultural Experimental Station. The winter wheat was sown in three terms on 25 August, 17 September and 2 October after black fallow and non-fallow maize silage predecessor. The protein content of the grain was determined by conventional methods. The soils of the experimental plot are ordinary medium-humus heavy loamy deep chernozems. It has been substantiated that in the northern Steppe of Ukraine, winter wheat under black fallow provides a higher protein content in grain compared to its non-fallow predecessor. During the years of research, the protein content in the grain of winter wheat under black fallow was 13.94 compared to 13.0% after corn for silage. After both predecessors, both high and low amounts of protein can be accumulated in winter wheat grain at high yields. Shifting the sowing dates of winter wheat from 25 August to 2 October for black fallow, on average over the years of research, causes a decrease in the protein content of grain from 14.2 to 13.7%, and for corn for silage, on the contrary, an increase from 12.9 to 13.1%. However, this dependence can be clearly seen in 74% of years under black fallow and 47% of years after the non-fallow predecessor. In the conditions of the northern Steppe of Ukraine, the time of renewal of the spring vegetation of winter wheat plants affects the protein content of its grain. The average (third decade of March) time of spring vegetation recovery of winter wheat plants contributes to a higher protein content in the grain, which is 14.2% after black fallow and 13.37% after corn for silage. In years with an extra-early (third decade of February) renewal of spring vegetation, the lowest amount of protein is accumulated in winter wheat grain after both predecessors. The nature of the air temperature regime in the early spring period determines the protein content of winter wheat grain. When winter wheat is placed on black fallow, the highest protein content in winter wheat grain is observed in years when the average daily air temperature passes through 00C in the third decade of February and is 14.45%, and after the non-fallow predecessor – in the first decade of March – 14.16%. The highest amount of protein in winter wheat grain after both predecessors is accumulated in the years with a period from the time of transition of the average daily air temperature through 00C to active vegetation of plants from 20 to 30 days and after black fallow is 14.57%, and after non-fallow predecessor – 13.35%. In the years with the duration of this period exceeding 30 days, grain with the lowest amount of protein is formed. A sharp decrease in the protein content of winter wheat grain in the northern Steppe of Ukraine is observed in the years with an average daily air temperature during the period of ‘spring vegetation renewal – heading out’ above 110C. After black fallow, the protein content of grain decreases from 15.0 to 13.0%, and after corn for silage – from 14.3 to 13.3%. An increase in the duration of the period ‘restoration of spring vegetation – heading out’ increases the protein content in winter wheat grain. In the years with the duration of this period exceeding 35 days, the amount of protein in winter wheat grain for black fallow increases by 1.7%, and in corn for silage by 0.8% compared to the years with duration of this period not exceeding 25 days.

Representations of older people in Turkish prime-time TV series and Netflix original Turkish series: A comparative content analysis

Swedish Vision Zero policies for safety – A comparative policy content analysis

Purpose. To study soft winter wheat's productivity formation under the growth regulators' effect.&#x0D; Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physical and chemical.&#x0D; Results. The article presents research results of the formation of yield, protein, and gluten content in grain under the effect of plant growth regulators. On average, for three research years, pre-sowing seed treatment with Sizam Nano chemical provided an increase in grain yield to 7.20 t/ha or more by 0.84 t/ha compared to areas where seeds were not treated (6.36 t/ha). Single spraying of winter wheat plants with Grainactive-C growth regulator helped to increase the grain yield by 0.61 t/ha compared to the control. Double spraying of winter wheat plants with Grainactive-C growth regulator provided 0.73 t/ha of grain, which was10% higher compared to areas without treatment. The greatest impact on the protein content in winter wheat grain was the use of Grainactive-C chemical in tillering and shooting stages, which provides the formation of this indicator 13.4% and 11% higher, compared to areas without treatment. This indicator was least affected by pre-sowing seed treatment with Sizam Nano growth regulator and single plant spraying in the tillering stage with Grainactive-C chemical, as the protein content was 12.6%, which was 4% higher compared to the option without treatments. The gluten content in winter wheat grain increased from 23.6% in the control to 26.1% in the variant where Grainactive-C growth regulator was used in tillering and shooting stages. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Sizam Nano increased the gluten content to 24.5% (4%), and spraying with "Grainactive-C" growth regulator to 24.8% (5%). In terms of protein and gluten content, wheat grain grown without the use of chemical treatment in the experiment corresponds to the third class. The use of Sizam Nano and Grainactive-C provides a grain yield that corresponds to the second class. The application of such a pre-sowing treatment scenario provides an increase in grain yield by 1.07 t/ha, which belongs to the first class.&#x0D; Conclusions. The grain yield of soft winter wheat varies over the type and method of growth regulator application. Grain yield is most affected by pre-sowing seed treatment with Sizam Nano and double plant spraying with Grainactive-C growth regulator.

Comparison of PLSR, MLR, SVM regression methods for determination of crude protein and carbohydrate content in stored wheat using near Infrared spectroscopy