COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRAINING PROGRAMS OF FOOTBALL REFEREES: IN THE CASE OF AZERBAIJAN, TURKEY AND GERMANY

This study aims to examine the correlation between knowledge of game rules and physical condition and the performance of football referees in the South Sulawesi provincial association. The research population consisted of football referees from the South Sulawesi provincial association. A sample of 30 people was taken based on purposive sampling. The referee's performance was the dependent variable of the study, whereas knowledge of game rules and physical condition were the independent variables. The research method employed a descriptive approach. The research data were analyzed using correlational techniques at a 95% significance level. The results of the study reveal that: (1) there is a significant correlation between knowledge of game rules and referee’s performance with a correlation value (r) of 0.746 and a contribution of 55.6%; (2) there is a significant correlation between the referee's physical condition and the referee's performance with a correlation value (r) of 0.751 and a contribution of 56.4%; and (3) there is a correlation between knowledge of game rules and physical condition collectively on referee’s performance with a correlation value (r) of 0.824 and a contribution of 68.4%.

BackgroundUpon graduation, physiotherapists are required to manage clinical caseloads involving deteriorating patients with complex conditions. In particular, emergency on-call physiotherapists are required to provide respiratory/cardio-respiratory/cardiothoracic physiotherapy, out of normal working hours, without senior physiotherapist support. To optimise patient safety, physiotherapists are required to function within complex clinical environments, drawing on their knowledge and skills (technical and non-technical), maintaining situational awareness and filtering unwanted stimuli from the environment. Prior to this study, the extent to which final-year physiotherapy students were able to manage an acutely deteriorating patient in a simulation context and recognise errors in their own practice was unknown.MethodsA focused video-reflexive ethnography study was undertaken to explore behaviours, error recognition abilities and personal experiences of 21 final-year (pre-registration) physiotherapy students from one higher education institution. Social constructivism and complexity theoretical perspectives informed the methodological design of the study. Video and thematic analysis of 12 simulation scenarios and video-reflexive interviews were undertaken.ResultsParticipants worked within the professional standards of physiotherapy practice expected of entry-level physiotherapists. Students reflected appropriate responses to their own and others’ actions in the midst of uncertainty of the situation and physiological disturbances that unfolded during the scenario. However, they demonstrated a limited independent ability to recognise errors. Latent errors, active failures, error-producing factors and a series of effective defences to mitigate errors were identified through video analysis. Perceived influential factors affecting student performance within the scenario were attributed to aspects of academic and placement learning and the completion of a voluntary acute illness management course. The perceived value of the simulation scenario was enhanced by the opportunity to review their own simulation video with realism afforded by the scenario design.ConclusionsThis study presents a unique insight into the experiences, skills, attitudes, behaviours and error recognition abilities of pre-registration physiotherapy students managing an acutely deteriorating patient in a simulation context. Findings of this research provide valuable insights to inform future research regarding physiotherapy practice, integration of educational methods to augment patient safety awareness and participant-led innovations in safe healthcare practice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41077-016-0010-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is the gold standard for analyzing the biomechanics of the baseball pitching motion. Historically, 3D analysis has been available primarily to elite athletes, requiring advanced cameras, and sophisticated facilities with expensive software. The advent of newer technology, and increased affordability of video recording devices, and smartphone/tablet-based applications has led to increased access to this technology for youth/amateur athletes and sports medicine professionals. Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis is an emerging tool for the kinematic assessment and observational measurement of pitching biomechanics. It is important for providers, coaches, and players to be aware of this technology, its application in identifying causes of arm pain and preventing injury, as well as its limitations. This review provides an in-depth assessment of 2D video analysis studies for pitching, a direct comparison of 2D video versus 3D motion analysis, and a practical introduction to assessing pitching biomechanics using 2D video analysis.

Background: Athletics programmes for secondary schools include a variety of skills, knowledge and cognitive abilities, which are currently assessed through written, practical, oral and/or video-based tests. Skills are traditionally taught in practice-based sessions, while the knowledge aspect is often reinforced in class-based sessions with video/computer-assisted instruction. Currently, it is still not clear whether these teaching environments have an effect on written and video modes of assessment. This research attempted to investigate this lack of clarity for the content knowledge of techniques, planning tactics and rules in athletics. Purpose: To investigate the impact of written and video-based assessments on three teaching environments. The aim of this research was to assess: (i) which of the three teaching environments contributed most to learning; (ii) whether the written and video-based assessments communicate the same assessment information in relation to the teaching environment; and (iii) whether content knowledge, such as techniques, planning tactics and rules, taught in a practical performance teaching situation adequately prepares students for written and video-based assessments. Setting: A written paper and a video-based paper were used to measure the learning gains of the participants of three teaching environments: practice; practice and handouts; and video-based class sessions in the context of athletics. The practice-based sessions were similar to traditional performance-based physical education (PE) lessons. During the practice and handouts class, information sheets were used to consolidate the content. The class-based sessions included discussions, video clips, information sheets and written class work. Participants: There were 49 participants, (16 females and 33 males). Intact classes from different schools were randomly assigned to the experimental teaching environments; practice 12; practice and handouts 25; and class sessions 12. The participants of the study were aged 16 years, in their first term of post-secondary schooling in Malta. Intervention: Content knowledge of rules, planning tactics and techniques of sprints, relays and the shot put in athletics was taught in three experimental teaching units of six hours each. Two assessment instruments—a written paper (35 test items) and a video-based written paper (same test items with video clips)—were administered to each participant before and after the experimental teaching. Research design: The study was a quasi experimental design. Two experimental assessment instruments: a written assessment; and a video-based assessment were administered to each participant before and after the experimental teaching treatment of six hours. The three experimental teaching units represented three teaching environments: Athletics Practice; Athletics Practice and handouts; and Athletics class sessions. Data collection and analysis: Raw and logit scores for the three content domains were computed for the written assessment and the video-based assessment. A partial Credit Rasch Model analysis was used to measure the uni-dimensionality, reliability and the fit of the test items. ANOVA (analysis of variance), MANOVA (multiple analysis of variance repeated measures) and Scheffé Multiple Range test procedures were employed to investigate the effectiveness and any main effects and significant differences of the experimental teaching environments on the assessment of content domains. Findings: The subjects of the class-based teaching environment achieved statistically significant (p = 0.05) better scores on rules (M = 24.21; SD = 3.58; Range = 0 − 30), planning tactics (M = 19.00; SD = 6.37; Range = 0 − 30), and techniques (M = 20.67; SD = 16.18; Range = 0 − 40), when video-based assessments were used. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that a written assessment and a video-based assessment test different competencies on the same test items. The findings of the study indicate that students familiar with video analysis will cope satisfactorily with video-based assessments. Practice-based teaching environments without video-based analysis are sufficient for written assessments, yet not for video-based assessments in athletics.

Climatic information and decision-making in maize crop production systems of the Argentinean Pampas

Background:As the most viable method for investigating in vivo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, video analysis is critical for understanding ACL injury mechanisms and advancing preventative training programs. Despite the limited number of published studies involving video analysis, much has been gained through evaluating actual injury scenarios.Methods:Studies meeting criteria for this systematic review were collected by performing a broad search of the ACL literature with use of variations and combinations of video recordings and ACL injuries. Both descriptive and analytical studies were included.Results:Descriptive studies have identified specific conditions that increase the likelihood of an ACL injury. These conditions include close proximity to opposing players or other perturbations, high shoe-surface friction, and landing on the heel or the flat portion of the foot. Analytical studies have identified high-risk joint angles on landing, such as a combination of decreased ankle plantar flexion, decreased knee flexion, and increased hip flexion.Conclusions:The high-risk landing position appears to influence the likelihood of ACL injury to a much greater extent than inherent risk factors. As such, on the basis of the results of video analysis, preventative training should be applied broadly. Kinematic data from video analysis have provided insights into the dominant forces that are responsible for the injury (i.e., axial compression with potential contributions from quadriceps contraction and valgus loading). With the advances in video technology currently underway, video analysis will likely lead to enhanced understanding of non-contact ACL injury.

Enhancing ACLS training effects through video-assisted boosting methods: A comparative analysis of self-simulation and model simulation videos

Metro systems around the world have many differences in their design and operation, one aspect of which is the level of automation. The most advanced technology available allows for unattended train operation with no staff on-board, which can bring a number of benefits. As a result, this is becoming increasingly common for new-build metro systems (such as the Dubai Metro), as well as for upgrades of traditional driver-led systems (such as Paris Metro Line 1). This paper uses the Tyne and Wear Metro as a case study to highlight the potential benefits and obstacles of implementing driverless trains on an existing metro system. This investigation has two parts: a review of the challenges of implementing increasing levels of automation for the existing Metro infrastructure and a simulation exercise to compare automatic train operation with manual driving on the core section of the Metro network. The results of the simulation exercise show that significant increases in the capacity of the Tyne and Wear Metro system are possible when automatic train operation is implemented in conjunction with resignalling. However, low adhesion conditions represent a significant risk to achieving this capacity increase reliably, and additional measures to mitigate low adhesion conditions would be required. The study also discusses the infrastructure upgrades required to convert an existing system to unattended train operation. The most significant obstacle for the Metro is that it mostly runs at ground level, with some sections shared with main line services. The costs associated with securing the tracks and ensuring compatibility with main line trains mean that the Metro is not a particularly promising application for driverless train operation at this time. Nonetheless, the issues discussed in the paper are very much relevant for other metro systems, and the methodology of this study is easily transferrable.

Video analysis in soccer has evolved significantly in the last decades. In the past, soccer teams had to rely on videotapes to analyze and review the game. However, with the advent of digital technology, video analysis tools have become more sophisticated and affordable. Nowadays, soccer teams can use video analysis software to optimize match preparation and gameplay in real-time.

Muscle-tendon injuries are critical setbacks in professional football, significantly affecting player availability and team performance. Understanding these injury mechanisms through video analysis is crucial for developing effective prevention and rehabilitation strategies that enhance player welfare and optimize performance. This review aimed to synthesize data from articles that used video analysis to explore mechanisms of thigh muscle-tendon injuries in football. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from 2010 to 2025 using a scoping review methodology. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies (QA-SIVAS) scale. The review of 10 studies identified that noncontact and indirect contact mechanisms are predominantly responsible for severe thigh muscle-tendon injuries in football. Common injury scenarios involved sprinting-induced strains and kicking actions, highlighting the significant role of eccentric loading and rapid biomechanical changes. Video analysis has emerged as a vital tool in sports medicine, providing deep insights into the complex mechanisms of thigh muscle-tendon injuries in football. The continuous improvement of analytical methods, including the adoption of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, is imperative for refining prevention and rehabilitation protocols.

Background: Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of head impact sensors, which provide a unique opportunity for sports medicine researchers to study head kinematics in contact sports. Studies have suggested that video or observer confirmation of head impact sensor data is required to remove false positives. In addition, manufacturer filtering algorithms may be ineffective in identifying true positives and removing true negatives. Purpose: To (1) identify the percentage of video-confirmed events recorded by headband-mounted sensors in high school soccer through video analysis, overall and by sex; (2) compare video-confirmed events with the classification by the manufacturer filtering algorithms; and (3) quantify and compare the kinematics of true- and false-positive events. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Adolescent female and male soccer teams were instrumented with headband-mounted impact sensors (SIM-G; Triax Technologies) during games over 2 seasons of suburban high school competition. Sensor data were sequentially reduced to remove events recorded outside of game times, associated with players not on the pitch (ie, field) and players outside the field of view of the camera. With video analysis, the remaining sensor-recorded events were identified as an impact event, trivial event, or nonevent. The mechanisms of impact events were identified. The classifications of sensor-recorded events by the SIM-G algorithm were analyzed. Results: A total of 6796 sensor events were recorded during scheduled varsity game times, of which 1893 (20%) were sensor-recorded events associated with players on the pitch in the field of view of the camera during verified game times. Most video-confirmed events were impact events (n = 1316, 70%), followed by trivial events (n = 396, 21%) and nonevents (n = 181, 10%). Female athletes had a significantly higher percentage of trivial events and nonevents with a significantly lower percentage of impact events. Most impact events were head-to-ball impacts (n = 1032, 78%), followed by player contact (n = 144, 11%) and falls (n = 129, 10%) with no significant differences between male and female teams. The SIM-G algorithm correctly identified 70%, 52%, and 66% of video-confirmed impact events, trivial events, and nonevents, respectively. Conclusion: Video confirmation is critical to the processing of head impact sensor data. Percentages of video-confirmed impact events, trivial events, and nonevents vary by sex in high school soccer. Current manufacturer filtering algorithms and magnitude thresholds are ineffective at correctly classifying sensor-recorded events and should be used with caution.

Introduction: The training method in the sport of volleyball has undergone significant transformation along with the development of technology and a deeper understanding of athlete performance. The utilization of advanced tools and software such as data-driven training, video analytics, and fitness monitoring applications has opened up new opportunities in designing more targeted and efficient training programs. Objective: This study aims to analyze the mapping and trends of training methods and technological advancements in the sport of volleyball from 2015-2025, using Scopus data, identifying collaborations, research gaps, and future study directions. Methodology: This study uses bibliometric analysis Mapping and trends of training methods and technological advances in volleyball using the Scopus database with the range of 2015-2025. Through the selection process, and analysis according to the criteria, 264 documents with various related themes were obtained. Results: The results of the analysis and research show that 2024 will have the highest number of publications with 35 publications. The most prolific authors and institutions that contributed the most documents came from Brazil, with 37 publications. Conclusions: The trend of publication and research focus on volleyball training methods has increased sharply in the last 10 years. Technologies such as machine learning, wearable tech, and video analysis are starting to be integrated, although not evenly. Database expansion and cross-border collaboration are strongly recommended to support the development of more sophisticated and evidence-based training methods.

Advances in video analysis technology expand the realm of possibility for analyzing sport tactics and motion. Video analysis techniques are especially effective in squash due to the small, well-lit, defined court, paired with an ever-growing video collection of elite tournament matches. The availability of matches enables a new methodology that requires no special setup, but only uses video analysis software and the recorded matches that are conveniently filmed for entertainment purposes. This paper presents and evaluates this new methodology that encompasses distance travelled, velocities and speeds attained, court position, and ‘T’ dominance in elite squash. The method was validated when results were compared to previous studies, and a correlation between world rank and court dominance was measured for the first time. A strong correlation (r= 0.64,p <0.001) was found between world rank and average distance from an optimal court position known as the ‘T’ of the squash court.

Technology advances in video capture, storage, and distribution, give rise to the need for efficient video indexing, retrieval, editing and navigation. These applications often are built on top of video analyzers, which, up to present, are available only to high-end developers or professional uses. This paper presents our experience in developing a video analyzer tool kit (SDK) that will enable software vendors to develop easy to use video applications for the mass PC users. Our SDK creates video summary automatically using the state of the art shot detection algorithms. It is interactive, efficient, intuitive and easy to use. The SDK enables application areas ranging from PC users for customizing their home video, Internet content providers for publishing video summary, and researchers for advanced video content analysis. The SDK also contains user-friendly interfaces and APIs for performing cut, copy, paste, merge and split operations.KeywordsVideo FrameVideo StreamVideo AnalyzerVideo SourceVideo SegmentationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Taekwondo has always aroused an enormous interest among all the categories of citizens, but particularly among the young people. In 2013, the World Taekwondo Federation has counted 205 member countries and over 6 million active practitioners, while the world population practicing taekwondo has been estimated at 55 million practitioners. This study is based on records and video analysis of matches, captured and processed with Dartfish TV - Video Software Solution analysis software and visualized through SilverLight_x64.exe program. So, we analyzed 599 matches, among which 331 represented men’s events and 268 women’s events performed, during the 2012 World Junior Championship held in Egypt. The video analysis points to the fact that the most frequent rules violations are touching the fighting area deliberately or after the execution of a technical action, holding the opponent, getting out of the fighting area voluntarily or involuntarily. A 5%, that we consider significant, is represented by matches lost by accumulation of penalties. In conclusion, we believe that video analysis is one of the most advanced technologies, that can be successfully used in the sport training, as it helps maximizing the training process.