Comparative Analysis of Selected Metadata Standards for the Processing of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Intangible cultural heritage is representative of a community’s cultural authenticity and identity and includes oral traditions, performing arts, festive events or traditional craftsmanship which have been inherited over generations (UNESCO, 2003). Each culturally diverse community possesses its own unique and authentic intangible cultural heritage, which is not only an integral element of the soul of a community, but can be a vital resource for generating tourism at the national and local levels. There is little argument that intangible cultural heritage can provide a destination and/or community with a unique selling point and competitive advantage in the global marketplace. Intangible cultural heritage is experiential by nature, thus supports tourists in their desire to have a culturally authentic experience. In the process of commodification, however, intangible cultural heritage is transformed and staged too often and to varying degrees, which can lead to a loss of its authenticity (Alivizatou, 2012; Giudici, Melis, Dessi, & Ramos, 2013). Therefore, an approach facilitating intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource is tenuous (WTO, 2012). Despite the increasing attention to intangible cultural heritage and the advice to adopt sustainable approach in the development of intangible cultural heritage as a tourism resource, little research has explored intangible cultural heritage from sustainability perspectives. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which the development of intangible cultural heritage facilitates the development of a sustainable tourism resource. To achieve this, the following three objectives were developed. First, to situate the sustainable tourism development literature within the context of intangible cultural heritage; second, to analyse public organisations’ documents in order to determine the extent to which they have facilitated the development of intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource; and third, to establish a framework facilitating intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource. This study adopted a single case study, with South Korea as a single representative case. A qualitative-dominant, mixed method approach was used in the process of data collection, analysis and interpretation. A total of 131 public documents from six public organisations were analysed for the second objective. Semi-structured face to face interviews were conducted with a total of 25 intangible cultural heritage practitioners and 22 locals; and questionnaires were given to 255 visitors at National Intangible Heritage Centre in Korea and then collected, to address the third objective. The critical interpretive analysis of 131 public documents revealed that overall, Korean public organisations’ goals and strategies have shown a propensity toward economic neoliberalism, mainly by regarding intangible cultural heritage tourism resources as economic tools. To a much lesser extent, they focus on social development such as ICH practitioners’ equity to participation in the decision-making process and/or intangible cultural heritage practitioners’ empowerment. The analysis of 47 interviews with intangible cultural heritage practitioners and locals, and of 255 questionnaires revealed that safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and developing its tourism role share a symbiotic relationship. This study presents a framework to facilitate the growth of the symbiotic relationships. The framework suggests, for the symbiotic relationship to be facilitated, a top-down approach blended with a bottom up approach, cooperation between stakeholders, and entrepreneurship are necessary. This research addresses a gap in the literature and provides the practical understanding of intangible cultural heritage development. The exploratory research on intangible cultural heritage provides a much-needed framework for intangible cultural heritage to be a sustainable tourism resource, which can be groundwork for future academic research. Moreover, the project offers valuable insight into the combination of various intangible cultural heritage development strategies within one destination (i.e., South Korea), in order to reduce overlapping efforts by stakeholders in South Korea and maximise synergies to facilitate a greater range of positive impacts on the development of intangible cultural heritage for communities.

The traditional mode of intangible cultural heritage communication is mainly offline activities, such as market fairs, temple fairs, sacrificial activities or physical or text and picture display of scenic area museums. With the popularity of the Internet and mobile terminal devices, the traditional offline display methods obviously can not meet the needs of the audience. Communication through digital technology can truly realize the “living communication” of intangible cultural heritage. In the era of rapid development of mobile Internet, video and video have become popular communication methods for the audience. Intangible cultural heritage uses digital means to achieve more detailed and diversified communication, and substitutes the audience into its scene to have all-round contact with intangible cultural heritage. With the rapid development of economic construction, the construction of social spiritual civilization has also accelerated its own pace. We need to use big data technology to give modern attributes to the traditional intangible cultural heritage and make these unfamiliar information full of vitality. Therefore, this paper studies the influencing factors and protection of folk intangible cultural heritage endangered inheritance based on big data technology.KeywordsBig data technologyFolk intangible cultural heritageEndangered heritageIntangible cultural heritage protection

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Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the role of metadata standards in gathering digital collections of GLAM institutions at the national level, using examples of institutions that implement the Indigo system. Various sets of metadata standards for authority and bibliographic records were analysed in order to identify similarities and differences and to determine their importance for aggregating and presenting digital heritage content on user interfaces. A detailed comparative analysis of the UNIMARC, Dublin Core, and ISAD(G) standards was conducted in relation to FAIR and CARE principles to determine similarities and differences with respect to user tasks Methodology: A case study approach was used, involving seven institutions that use the Indigo system and three aggregator portals. The research was conducted in March and April 2024. Using descriptive and comparative content analysis methods, metadata standards UNIMARC, ISAD(G), Dublin Core, CIDOC-CRM and their roles in aggregating and presenting digital content on user interfaces were examined. International metadata standards UNIMARC, ISAD(G), and Dublin Core were also analysed in relation to FAIR and CARE principles to determine the extent to which their metadata are interoperable, reusable, ethical, and responsible. Results: The results of the research through specific objectives and research questions indicate that the metadata of reference records created in the UNIMARC and Dublin Core standards are suitable for collecting all types of material and their presentation. UNIMARC was shown to be suitable for describing archival material as well. The Indigo system, by implementing diverse metadata standards, enabled interoperability, ethical responsibility, and metadata reusability within the semantic web environment. ISAD(G) proved unsuitable for semantic web requirements. Analysis of UNIMARC, Dublin Core, and ISAD(G) within the Indigo system using FAIR and CARE principles revealed similar shortcomings as those observed in the analysis of bibliographic records. The study highlights the need for greater standardization, connectedness, and semantic enhancement of metadata in digital heritage system. Originality: For many years, various digital platforms have existed in Croatia. This is the first study to analyse authority and bibliographic records and metadata fields within a single system that supports multiple international standards. The study provides insights into the current state of metadata practices as well as opportunities for further improvement.

Introduction:Digital preservation in Web archiving will only be possible with the effective use of metadata standards. These standards are the ones that determine the persistence, consistency, comprehensibility, the access,and representation of selected sites, collected and stored in Web archives, besides defining the archivability of sites and the interoperability among systems. Objective:In this context, the objective of the article was to identify and define which metadata standards could be judged by memory institutions and universities so that they could enable digital preservation in Web archives.Methodology:For this, a qualitative, exploratory,and descriptive research was done, using the bibliographic method from a non-systematic inventory together with a review and analysis of the literature content. The Dublin Core, MODS, EAD, VRA Core, PREMIS, and METS standards were selected and analyzed. Results and Conclusion:The analysis of the results indicates that Dublin Core, MODS, EAD, and VRA Core supported METS and PREMIS in detecting and documenting technical aspects of sites and proving their authenticity, context, and origin. METS can manage archived sites by acting as OAIS information packages, while Dublin Core proved to be an exponent for Web archiving through its use in remarkable area initiatives

This research uses Mongolian Ger as an example. Mongolian Ger is traditional dwellings that have predominantly located in central Asia for over three thousand years. These traditional dwellings form an essential part of pastoralism. The making craft of Mongolian Ger has been listed as national intangible cultural heritage in China in 2008. However, the Ger in recent times has been influenced by permanent grazing, tourism and modernity. The wooden material has been replaced by bricks, and the Gers has been transformed to solid structure instead of movable ones. They are now frequently used as tourism attractions and restaurants that have less original functions, which corresponds to the changes of Inner Mongolia’s society.

PurposeThe existing metadata frameworks are limited to fully capture unique characteristics of Chinese paper-cutting identified as traditional art and intangible cultural heritage (ICH). Therefore, the paper aims to develop a multi-dimensional metadata description framework tailored specifically for Chinese paper-cutting works. The proposed framework emphasizes both the tangible attributes and cultural significance within the broader context of ICH, covering physical objects, cultural context and technical skills.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed framework encompasses six dimensions: basic attribute, connotative feature, creator, ICH project, inheritor and derived innovation. Elements from existing metadata standards or vocabularies, such as DC terms, CDWA Lite, VRA Core and FOAF are reused in this study. The ICH project and inheritor dimensions draw elements from the “application form of representative projects of national ICH” and “application form for the fifth batch of representative inheritors of national ICH representative projects.” The derived innovation elements are creatively designed to describe derived works from the original paper-cutting work. The framework’s usability was validated by generating Resource Description Framework (RDF) metadata for two specific paper-cutting works named “Flower Cutting Lady” and “Happiness” in Turtle syntax.FindingsThe proposed metadata description framework supports a detailed description of the connotative features of Chinese paper-cutting works. It indicates that the designed multiple dimensions assist the comprehensive and cultural description of paper-cutting works, which would promote digital inheritance through the enrichment of the interpretable and machine-readable cultural heritage metadata.Originality/valueThis paper introduces an innovative application of metadata description framework design and develops a specialized framework that integrates established methodologies with new dimensions tailored specifically for Chinese paper-cutting works. By emphasizing both the tangible attributes and cultural contexts, this study addresses gaps in existing metadata frameworks and proposes a metadata description framework uniquely suited to the nuanced description requirements of Chinese paper-cutting as traditional art.

Abstract. Cultural heritage is a complex and diverse concept, which brings together a wide domain of information. Resources linked to a cultural heritage site may consist of physical artefacts, books, works of art, pictures, historical maps, aerial photographs, archaeological surveys and 3D models. Moreover, all these resources are listed and described by a set of a variety of metadata specifications that allow their online search and consultation on the most basic characteristics of them. Some examples include Norma ISO 19115, Dublin Core, AAT, CDWA, CCO, DACS, MARC, MoReq, MODS, MuseumDat, TGN, SPECTRUM, VRA Core and Z39.50. Gateways are in place to fit in these metadata standards into those used in a SDI (ISO 19115 or INSPIRE), but substantial work still remains to be done for the complete incorporation of cultural heritage information. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the complexity of cultural heritage resources can be dealt with by a visual exploration of their metadata within a 3D collaborative environment. The 3D collaborative environments are promising tools that represent the new frontier of our capacity of learning, understanding, communicating and transmitting culture.

Nvshu is an ancient gender script circulating in Jiangyong County, Hunan and its adjacent areas. At present, with the rapid development of national economy and culture, the inheritance and development of Nvshu culture is facing many difficulties, and the protection of Nvshu cultural resources is urgent. Under the background of the integration of science and technology, in order to protect the gradual loss of Nvshu intangible culture, a strategy for the protection of Nvshu culture using modern digital management technology is proposed. This paper analyzes the protection principles of Nvshu intangible cultural heritage, uses the MAR model to establish the Nvshu intangible cultural heritage database, analyzes the user’s satisfaction with the database function through the MAR algorithm, and carries on the Nvshu cultural inheritance by means of digital collection and digital restoration, and strengthens The spread of Nvshu culture provides a certain reference for other intangible cultural heritage protection work.KeywordsNvshu intangible cultural heritageDigital managementIntangible cultural heritage databaseMAR algorithm

This chapter is designed to portray how sustainability for cultural heritage tourism management can be ensured through recognition of the tangible and intangible cultural heritages. Creating a bridge among people, the recognition of the intangible and tangible cultural heritages brings their revaluation for more sustainable tourism and opens the way to their acknowledgement in tourism industry practices. The chapter gives an overall idea of the tangible, intangible, and mixed cultural heritages in Turkey, representing one of the most prominent destinations in the world for the richness of its cultural heritage. Academic studies and the reports related to cultural heritage recognition practices in Turkey and the world are revised to bring recommendations and to develop a base for the discussion of practical implications for sustainable cultural heritage tourism management in Turkey. The study aims to be inspirational for both theoreticians and practitioners to create brighter cooperative projects.

Intangible cultural heritage is the precious wealth of the human civilization, plays a vital role on blood relation of inheriting national culture. Also is the main content in the process of the tourism experience. Experiential tourism development is the only road of intangible cultural heritage protection. Deal with the relationship between protection and development, intangible cultural heritage protection and tourism development can be implemented benign interaction. In this paper, taking Qinhuangdao as an Example, in combination with the current of the tourism development of intangible Cultural Heritage, to discuss how to realize intangible cultural heritage protection in a way of experiential Tourism development Intangible cultural heritage is an important carrier for the testimony of our history and the Chinese culture, contains the unique Chinese spiritual values, ways of thinking, imagination and cultural awareness, which reflect the vitality and creativity of the Chinese nation. Under the impact of this global trend that the cultural tourism is becoming the demanding core of tourism, the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, as well as the research on the combination of intangible cultural heritage and tourism are particularly urgent. Particularly tourists involved in the process of tourism activate the traditional culture which has gradually disappeared, Qinhuangdao has a unique intangible cultural heritage, if the rich intangible cultural heritage resources combined with tourism development, and focus on experiential tourism development, find a way of benign interaction in the protection and development, at the same time to promote regional economic development, and also realize the civilization of intangible cultural heritage, so as to achieve an important role of historic preservation Conservation status of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao has a long history with deep culture, and process abundant intangible cultural heritage. Qinhuangdao municipal government issued the Regulations to strengthen the protection work of intangible cultural heritage for the city at 2007, Qinhuangdao City Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Work Leading Group was set up, intangible cultural heritage protection institutions has been basically established in the three districts and four counties. At 2009, Qinhuangdao launched a citywide general survey of intangible cultural heritage, and carried out a systematic and comprehensive statistics for intangible projects in Qinhuangdao. In which, five projects are listed as the national intangible cultural heritage, these are Changli ToYongko, Changli folk songs, Funing wind and drum music, the fairy tales of Meng Jiang Nu, Changli shadow. Jieshishan legends and stories, Funing Taiping drums, Funing Tai Huang Gang, Lulong Boyi S 16 provincial project representative inheritors; 32 municipal intangible projects representative inheritors. Recently, Qinhuangdao City Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center also specially developed Interim Measures of assessment for Qinhuangdao intangible cultural heritage declare, protection work management system for Qinhuangdao intangible cultural heritage the protection for the provincial, municipal intangible and other endangered projects will also be strengthen, the loss of the project to further strengthen the protection. Intangible projects collection and exhibition hall of Qinhuangdao City is established , to secure those objects and resources with historical value, artistic value, research value and preserve value to be truly preserved and displayed, and gradually create a good atmosphere for intangible cultural heritage protection and the corresponding travel development. The relationship between intangible cultural heritage protection and experiential tourism

In the last decade, appearances of the Mari Lwyd have steadily increased during winter time in Wales. A tradition based around the decoration of a horse’s skull, regulated competitive verse and song, and community integration, would in many other parts of the world be acknowledged and celebrated as intangible cultural heritage. Yet, while the number of nations to have ratified the UNESCO Convention on the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage continues to grow on an annual basis, no such examples can be found in Wales however, or any other part of the United Kingdom, due to a continuing position of reticence from the Westminster government toward the convention. Does this lack of ratification indicate that Wales is not home to any examples of intangible cultural heritage? This article explores the notion of whether Wales is home to any valid forms of intangible cultural heritage, before challenging whether the same vulnerability seen in many of the international examples of intangible heritage can be illustrated in Wales. Ultimately this will argue that Welsh intangible cultural heritage is an important, living component of contemporary Welsh culture, and that UK ratification of the treaty, rather than being something that might be desired in Wales, should in fact be considered as a necessity.

From the perspective of geographical indications, this article introduces the methods used by the geographical indication system to protect indigenous peoples’ diets as an intangible part of their cultural heritage. By collecting and analyzing the data of the five major intellectual property offices of the world, we can understand the protection status of the intangible cultural heritage of indigenous peoples’ diets. Difficulties and controversies in the protection of food-related intangible cultural heritage geographical indications; the solution method is based on an in-depth understanding of development strategies, and four suggestions are provided; finally, the self-check sheet for the protection of indigenous peoples’ dietary intangible cultural heritage geographical indications is supplemented. Combining the questionnaire surveys and field visits, the conclusions are: The protection of indigenous peoples’ food culture is not a deliberate attempt at preserving traditions, but instead the market demand that is most directly oriented to the times and food; while protecting indigenous peoples’ food culture through geographical indications, revitalizing the inheritance and development of community food culture; giving more rights to the indigenous peoples, and providing a good legal protection environment for the inheritance, dissemination and innovation of intangible cultural food heritage; give full play to the potential of geographical indications and their associated benefits.

Sports intangible cultural heritage is not only the foundation of modern national sports culture, but also to enrich and contribute every nation to the world culture.Accelerating the protection of intangible culture helps to enrich sports intangible cultural heritage further.School physical education into intangible cultural heritage of sports is beneficial to inherit and protect.New standard implementation of physical education has been provided great space and feasible way for intangible cultural heritage of sports.

Lu'an is a famous old revolutionary base area, known as the cradle of the Red Army and the hometown of Generals. The natural and humanistic environment is mainly reflected in its regional characteristics of "Jingjiang Huaijiang", the geographical location of "connecting the east and the west", and the beautiful scenery of "mountains surrounded by Yinghuo". There are many natural and humanistic landscapes and a collection of humanities in the territory. It is understood that there are currently 17 projects in Lu'an that are included in the list of "intangible cultural heritage" of Anhui Province. Among them, Lu opera, Lu'an melon slices production skills, Dabie Mountain folk songs, Shuxi production skills, and willow weaving skills are included in the national "intangible cultural heritage" list. Intangible cultural heritage is a new object of cultural heritage protection and a new way of cultural and social development. Lu'anlai has made certain achievements in the protection of "intangible cultural heritage". With the continuous development of tourism, it has provided good conditions for rural construction. Under the background of comprehensive rural revitalization, "intangible cultural heritage" is the potential resource of rural tourism and cultural industry in the future. At the same time, "intangible cultural heritage" is combined with tourism development. On the basis of protection, display, promotion and promotion, extensive aesthetic education is carried out to achieve the purpose of truly protecting "intangible cultural heritage", and at the same time, to achieve the purpose of continuously inheriting the cultural lifeline.