Abstract
BackgroundGlioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with GBM. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, are key modulators of tumor invasion and metastasis due to their ECM degradation capacity. The aim of the present study was to identify the most informative MMP member in terms of prognostic and predictive ability for patients with primary GBM.MethodThe mRNA expression profiles of all MMP genes were obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) and the GSE16011 dataset. MGMT methylation status was also examined by pyrosequencing. The correlation of MMP9 expression with tumor progression was explored in glioma specimens of all grades. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the association of MMP9 expression with survival and response to temozolomide.ResultsMMP9 was the only significant prognostic factor in three datasets for primary glioblastoma patients. Our results indicated that MMP9 expression is correlated with glioma grade (p<0.0001). Additionally, low expression of MMP9 was correlated with better survival outcome (OS: p = 0.0012 and PFS: p = 0.0066), and MMP9 was an independent prognostic factor in primary GBM (OS: p = 0.027 and PFS: p = 0.032). Additionally, the GBM patients with low MMP9 expression benefited from temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy regardless of the MGMT methylation status.ConclusionsPatients with primary GBMs with low MMP9 expression may have longer survival and may benefit from temozolomide chemotherapy.
Highlights
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, accounting for 15.6% of all primary brain tumors and 45.2% of primary malignant brain tumors[1]
Our results indicated that MMP9 expression is correlated with glioma grade (p
Low expression of MMP9 was correlated with better survival
Summary
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, accounting for 15.6% of all primary brain tumors and 45.2% of primary malignant brain tumors[1]. The 5-year survival rate of GBM patients is less than 5% [2] Such suboptimal efficacy in primary GBM management is partially attributed to the highly invasive nature of glioma cells, which are capable of diffusely infiltrating and widely migrating into the surrounding brain tissue[3]. MMPs, a family of zincdependent endopeptidases[5], regulate tumor invasion and metastasis through their extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation capacity in the extracellular milieu of various tissues[6,7,8,9,10]. Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, are key modulators of tumor invasion and metastasis due to their ECM degradation capacity.
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