Comparative Analysis of Historic Grade 1 Korean Textbooks at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies

This articles analyzed in-depth interview data on Korean language class management for 10 class teachers in 10 schools of Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education in 2019.As a result of analyzing in-depth interview data, the status of Korean class operation was largely divided into structural aspects, organizational support climate, and cultural aspects. Examining the structural aspects, there were mentoring for university students, bilingual education, linking with relevant institutions, and counseling for multicultural students in the Korean language class. The shortage was causing difficulties in operation. In addition, the process-centered evaluation of Korean language students was not well conducted, and many new teachers were operating Korean language classes, so they were inexperienced in their duties and complained about difficulties in teaching Korean language (KSL). According to the organizational support climate, there are 15 Korean language classes, making it difficult to proceed with individualized lessons, resulting in more class hours per week than Korean class teachers. In addition, many Korean language (KSL) textbooks were so difficult that many schools used worksheets produced by the school or Korean language textbooks on the market. It was appealing difficulties. Lastly, from the cultural point of view, the class teacher recognized that the Korean class teacher was easy because the work and class hours were small. In addition, the teachers had a false sense of Korean language class. Based on these operating conditions, the improvement direction should be presented. First, the college student mentoring system should satisfy the various needs of mentees through mentee-centered matching, not mentor-centered matching. Second, in order to reinforce cooperation among local agencies, the KSI needs to provide data to schools by synthesizing various programs conducted by local agencies. Third, it is necessary to provide specific guidelines and manuals on the curriculum-based evaluation and grading of Korean language students. Fourth, there is a need to mix the Korean language class selection method with the competition system and the designation system in the competition system. Fifth, when the teacher in charge of the Korean language class transfers, it is necessary to improve the personnel system that can be first transmitted to the school with the Korean language class. You will have to provide. Sixth, the number of Korean class (15 students) needs to be adjusted according to the reality, and if it is difficult to adjust the size, it is necessary to consider introducing a two-teacher system. Seventh, Korean language (KSL) textbooks are so difficult to play a role as a diagnostic assessment and learning tool. Therefore, Korean language (KSL) textbooks should be developed and distributed according to the students

Fibers are low-cost substrates that are abundantly used in our daily lives. This review highlights recent advances in the fabrication and application of multifunctional fibers to achieve fibers with unique functions for specific applications ranging from textile electronics to biomedical applications. By incorporating various nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, and hydrogel-based biomaterials, the functions of fibers can be precisely engineered. This review also highlights the performance of the functional fibers and electronic materials incorporated with textiles and demonstrates their practical application in pressure/tensile sensors, chemical/biosensors, and drug delivery. Textile technologies in which fibers containing biological factors and cells are formed and assembled into constructions with biomimetic properties have attracted substantial attention in the field of tissue engineering. We also discuss the current limitations of functional textile-based devices and their prospects for use in various future applications.

Discussion of what is more important in language and culture is a major concern in Korean language education. But it is not matter what is central in Korean language education. They are different fields. They have intrinsic purpose and establish curriculum according to each educational logic and language level. In order to search effective solution without separating culture from Korean language, it is desirable to search contact point. Then the encounter between language and culture will be pragmatics. Apprehending each language`s own dialogue strategies in the pragmatic`s paradigm that deals with a communication pattern in cultural background, context, situation, then apply it to the Korean language education will be solve the problem arise between language and culture. Refusal to the request of someone`s is burdensome. Because it brings good relationships to awkward or bad relationships. In general, non-preference respond utterances like refusal, rejection, denial, to revise, etc. are language universal. But even to the L1 speakers, it is difficult to choose proper expressions. To say nothing of foreign language student. Then this study is on refusal strategy and syntactic down-grader for foreign language student. So I looked around frequently used refusal strategies and syntactic down-grader in korean language textbooks. About syntactic down-grader, I reclassified `곤란하다, 힘들다, 어렵다, 관두다` as indirect expressions. Also, I indicate that almost of indirect expressions are omitted, there are monotonous speakers and hearers not considering variety relation between speaker and hearer. And insufficient context, incomplete dialog structure, unsuitable expressions in context, attached too much strategy in one conversational situation. also indicated, If refusal strategy were reflected effectively in korean language textbook, it is helpful to foreign students.

Although lithium metal polymer batteries (LMPBs) have lots of advantages such as high energy density, design flexibility and enhanced safety, they have not been widely used in the commercial market due to low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability towards electrodes comparing to liquid electrolytes. However, most of researches on LMPBs have been focused for electrolytes themselves without broad cell performance data such as cycle life and rate capability. Furthermore, as discovered in previous works on commercial LIBs, the electrode density and thickness are also very crucial parameters governing the electrochemical performance of batteries. For the purpose of providing basic but essential electrochemical properties of LMPB, we have manufactured four different LiFePO4 cathodes with different densities and thicknesses. Their physical and electrochemical properties are investigated by using the unit cells consisting of LiFePO4/cross-linked polymer electrolyte/Li metal. In particular, with the optimized cathode and crosslinked polymer electrolyte, high capacity retention could be realized at even 5C and room temperature. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and National Research foundation (NRF) of Korea through the Human Resource Training Project for Regional Innovation (2014066977) and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2014046008). Figure 1

Background: Prion diseases are fatal, chronic and incurable neurodegenerative diseases caused by pathogenic forms of prion protein (PrPSc) derived from the endogenous forms of prion protein (PrPC). Several case-control and genome-wide association studies have reported that the M129V polymorphism of the human prion protein gene (PRNP) is significantly associated with susceptibility to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, since some case-control studies have not shown these associations, the results remain controversial. Methods: We collected data that contain the genotype and allele frequencies of the M129V single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the PRNP gene and information on ethnic backgrounds from sporadic CJD patients. We performed a meta-analysis by collecting data from eligible studies to evaluate the association between the M129V SNP of the PRNP gene and susceptibility to sporadic CJD. Interpretation: We found a very strong association between the M129V SNP of the PRNP gene and susceptibility to sporadic CJD using meta-analysis for the first time. We validated the eligibility of existing reports and found severe heterogeneity in some previous studies. We also found the strongest association with the risk of sporadic CJD in the heterozygote comparison model (MM vs. MV, odds ratio = 5.1354, 95% confidence interval: 3.6622; 7.2012, P=0). To the best of our knowledge, this was the first meta-analysis assessment of the relationship between the M129V SNP of the PRNP gene and susceptibility to sporadic CJD. Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (2017R1A6A1A03015876). This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2021R1A2C1013213). Declaration of Interests: The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A New Understanding and Interpretation of ‘Yu-In-Bon(유인본)’ Korean Language Textbook, After the Liberation of Korea - Focus on the 『Korean Language Textbook for Secondary School(중등 국어 교재)』 -

Purpose: This study presents basic research to find a way to effectively form subject knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes by converging subject education so that education for the purpose of learner holistic growth can be realized. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation aspectsof the Social Studies Curriculum in Korean textbooks.
 Methods: After a Doctor of Education examined various materials presented in elementary Korean textbooks and reviewed documents classified according to the Social Studies Curriculum content system the distribution of social studies curriculum areas and core concepts, and the placement and contents of grade groups in Korean language textbooks were analyzed.
 Results: A total of fifty-nine pieces of material related to the Social Studies Curriculum included in Korean textbooks appeared in all areas, but only 47.7% of the core concepts were covered. In particular, the core concepts of a “sustainable world” and “sustainable environment” were most often addressed. However, only one 'economy' area was included. The data included in the 5th and 6th grades were 1.68 times more than the 3rd and 4th grades. The content data of the Social Studies Curriculum assigned to Korean textbooks in the same grade were 74%. Among the materials contained in the Korean textbooks in the 3rd and 4th grades, 50% dealt with the contents of the 5th and 6th grades of the Social Studies Curriculum.
 Conclusion: The contents of the Social Studies Curriculum were not reflected in the materials included in the Korean textbooks in a balanced manner, and in some cases were not suitable for the grade group hierarchy. In terms of subject convergence, it is a desirable form of subject convergence toplace materials that deeply expand what is learned in Social Studies in the same grade group or to experience it before learning about it in Social Studies. This is expected to not only be an opportunity to reduce the learning burden on learners, but to inspire interest in learning. Accordingly, it is proposed to elaborate the criteria for selecting the content to be dealt with in Korean language textbooks for each area of the Social Studies Curriculum and selecting specific target areas for Korean language textbooks.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the field suitability of Korean textbooks for the 1st and 2nd graders that were developed according to the 2015 revised curriculum. Methods: Field suitability was investigated for teachers and students using a questionnaire and interviews developed for this study. Results: Overall satisfaction with the Korean language and Korean language activity textbooks was high. However, it was determined that it was necessary to supplement the interests of sanctions, the level of learning activities, the appropriate amount of textbook learning, and the reinforcement of learning Korean language in consideration of the needs of the field. In addition, among the teacher education functions of textbooks, training in the Korean language instruction method, learner-centered class innovation, and teacher curriculum development ability development functions should be supplemented. Conclusion: In order to increase the field suitability of Korean textbooks in the first and second grades of elementary school, it is necessary to establish a clear relationship between the Korean language and Korean language textbooks, to strengthen the sanctions interest, and to supplement the level of learning activities that take students' interests into consideration. It is hoped that the results of this study will be of help with the development of new Korean textbooks.

The purpose of this study is to find a way to select the subjects of Korean language teaching materials considering proficiency. To this end, the subject area of the Korean language unit was compared with the Internationally Circulated Standard Korean Language Curriculum(ICSKLC). There are topics that should be more essential and prioritized for learners of a particular level of proficiency. When selecting subjects according to the proficiency of Korean learners, reference should be made to certified materials, as should the list of ICSKLC. In addition, when there is a problem or omission by comparing ICSKLC with teaching materials, they should be checked and supplemented with each other. This study compared Korean language textbooks with ICSKLC to see if the list of topics is appropriate. The results are as follows. First, many of the subjects in the Korean language textbook were not on the subject of ICSKLC. Instead, those that correspond to functional, cultural, and textual areas were chosen as the subject of the unit. Second, there was a lack of similarity of subject between Korean textbooks of the same level. This makes it possible for learners of the same level to learn different subjects. Third, missing from the list of topics in ICSKLC were included in the textbook. This is related to the fact that the textbooks that were referred to in the construction of ICSKLC are not the latest ones. In order to correct topics that do not fit between ICSKLC and Korean language textbooks, this study makes some suggestions. First, the subject of the unit should be appropriate to the concept of the ‘topic’ rather than to conform to the functional, cultural and textual characteristics. Second, topics that best suit learners’ proficiency should be selected. Third, it is necessary to supplement the list of topics for ICSKLC by analyzing the latest Korean language textbooks. (Kyonggi University)

The purpose of this study is to examine the contents and background of the book Shinan Kangoshiori (新案韓語栞), which was published in Gyeongseong (京城) in 1910. This study considers the book to be a valuable research material in regards to both the modern Korean and Japanese languages. Shinan Kangoshiori (新案韓語栞) differs from other Korean language study books published in Japan. One major difference is that it was a Korean language textbook published in Gyeongseong (京城) by Japanese in 1910, the year when the Japanese annexation of Korea began. In particular, the author of this book draws attention to a unique learning method that cannot be found in other Korean language textbooks, the arrangement of Hangeul consonants and the pronunciation of Korean. The research shows that while the Japanese in the text generally shows the characteristics of modern Japanese, it has a relatively strong literary color compared to the Japanese in other Korean language textbooks. In addition, the Korean language of this book contains a wealth of language phenomena that can be approached from the aspect of modern vocabulary history. In addition, the Katakana (片仮名) notations of the Korean language in the book provide valuable information that can be used in the study of real pronunciation at the time.

Objectives This study investigates the semantic relations of associated words between Korean language teachers, Korean language learners and Korean native speakers through word association test. Methods This word association task was conducted with 3 subject groups. They were given 10 stimulus words which were derived from the novice level in Korean language text books, then they were asked to associate and write 3 associative words to 10 stimulus words. Results This study reveals three important results. First, Korean native speakers’ group showed the most associated words among the 3 groups. Second, Korean language teachers’ group showed the least number of associative words. Third, Korean language learnes’ group and Korean teachers’ group had the the most common associated words. Conclusions The result that Korean teachers’ group showed that least number of assciated words suggests that the diversity of associative words may have emerged due to occupational influences but it also means that the trained teachers focused on the language learners’ proficiency and associated the words which they use in teaching or from textbooks. Second, whereas the associative words of native Koreans are very authentic and various, other two groups’ associative words seemed more focused on the vocabulary in the textbook so they had more associated words in common. Therefore, in order to teach and use the authentic Korean words to foreign Korean language learners, we may utilize the word association test to find and develop more ways to use the authentic words which are frequently used in each field.

This study defines ‘concord adverbs’ as adverbs that show concordant relations with specific grammar forms in a sentence. Concord adverbs are helpful for learners to express their ideas or feeling more accurately as well as find the speakers’ intention precisely and the way it combines in specific grammar forms. Therefore, this study suggests providing chunk expressions of combining concord adverbs and grammar forms in Korean language textbooks because of its ease of study. In Korean language education it is considered proper to study not only a single form of grammar but also complex grammar that combines two or more language forms. The chunk expression that combines concord adverbs and grammar forms is one style of complex grammar and is already included in Korean textbooks. This study attempts to select concord adverbs that need to be taught additionally in terms of Korean language education. To do this, Korean textbooks and a number of previous studies were analyzed.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to consider the theory of abbreviated form of particles, to analyze the frequency of use and to identify limitations or problems in the current state of education to propose an effective educational plan for abbreviated form of particles, which are difficult and colloquial grammar for foreign learners. Methods First, information about Korean abbreviated form of particles was organized based on previous research and the contents of Korean orthography. And based on it the subject of this study was selected. Subsequently, the forms and frequency of abbreviated forms of particles used by native Korean speakers in their daily lives were examined through web drama script analysis. In addition, in order to propose efficient education content for foreign learners, the actual state of abbreviated forms of particles in the dialogues in Korean language textbooks was analyzed. And it was also confirmed whether the explanation of the ‘abbreviated forms of particles’ was presented in the ‘grammar’ section. Subsequently, after comparing abbreviated forms of particles that appeared high in web drama and Korean textbooks, teaching and learning procedures were systematically proposed. Results The results are as follows: firstly, it was confirmed that native language speakers frequently use abbreviated form of particles through analysis of web dramas. Especially the abbreviated form of the particle ‘eun’ is used most frequently. On the other hand, the frequency of use of the particle ‘i’ was the lowest. Subsequently, in Korean textbook dialogues, abbreviated form of particles appeared with a similar frequency of use. However the forms of combinations such as ‘statement + particle’, ‘verb + particle + particle’ or ‘verb + ending + particle’ in web-dramas were more diverse. Unfortunately, in Korean textbooks these various forms of abbreviated form of particles was not appear frequently, and there was almost no explanatory section or materials showing how to use them. Conclusions Currently, there is a lack of presentation or explanation of various types of abbreviated form of particles in Korean language textbooks. Accordingly, in this paper, we recognized the need for education on abbreviated form of particles that are actually frequently used by native Korean speakers. In order to teach abbreviated forms of particles frequently used in spoken Korean, a framework for educational content was proposed by analyzing web drama lines, which are actual data.

Researchers have academic freedom guaranteed by the Constitution, regardless of the field of research. Because the research results created by researchers through academic freedom are ultimately created as social or economic benefits, governments and universities in each country are conducting so-called 'academic support projects' that provide research funds to researchers on a large scale. In South Korea, the Ministry of Education has designated the National Research Foundation of Korea as the leading institution to promote various academic support projects not only for individual researchers but also for institutions such as universities and research institutes. However, whether the research support project of the National Research Foundation of Korea effectively and fairly supports the academic and R&D activities of researchers, whether the management of research results through the project, and the regulation of researchers are appropriate, and whether it infringes on the academic activities of researchers. Supreme Court decision has recently been pronounced that the excessive management of academic and R&D activities by the National Research Foundation of Korea infringes on researchers' academic freedom and goes against the stance of abolishing regulations on research aimed at by the government. In this paper, we examine what the basis of the current laws and regulations are for the regulation of the submission and management of final research results in relation to the National Research Foundation of Korea's academic support project in the field of humanities and social sciences, and how it affects the academic freedom of researchers. In addition, I will examine how the court understands the relationship between the freedom of academic activities of researchers and the regulation of academic support projects in real cases.

The purpose of this study is to examine the different trends of visual elements presented in Korean language textbooks and to suggest directions for the development of Korean language textbooks regarding a visual perspective. The study was carried out as follows: First, 59 Korean language textbooks from the 1990s to the 2010s were analyzed and separately discussed by period. The criteria for the first (1990s) and second (1998-2006) classifications were the publication period of the textbook that introduced the communication approach. The criteria for the distinction between the second and third phase (2006-2010s) were the publication of textbooks focused on a communication approach which differed from existing textbooks. Next, to discuss the different trends of visual elements in Korean language textbooks, the theory of visual communication design was explored concerning the instructional function of image text. Finally, not only did the visual elements of Korean language teaching materials range from beginner to advanced, but they were also compared horizontally with textbooks at the same stage. Today's learners, who are familiar with visual media, tend to recognize and accept visual elements more easily. Other foreign language education areas actively produce multimedia textbooks and apps with interest. However, this part is still insufficient in Korean language education. Therefore, this study discusses the flow of Korean language textbooks from the visual perspective and suggests directions for textbooks in visual communication when developing visual materials for multimedia textbooks, apps, and evaluation criteria in the future.