Comparative Analysis and Characterization of Chemical Composition of Dhoopa Formulations

Plants have served as a traditional remedy for humans throughout history, due to their availability, perceived safety, and easy access. Mitracarpus scaber, a herb historically appreciated for its usefulness in treating various skin problems, was the focus of this current research aiming to identify the plant's phytocompounds content using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The presence of phenols, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids were identified through phytochemical screening. The plant's chemical composition was analysed by FTIR, the results indicate the presence of the following functional groups: C=C, C-Cl, C-N, S=O, C-N, O-H, N-O, C=O, C-H, and N-H. The GC-MS result revealed 18 phytocompounds, with the following being the most abundant: Oleic acid (23.22%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.60%), 1, 3-dioxolane (13.50%), 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (10.12%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (9.18%), 4-Trifluoroacetoxy hexadecane (5.97%), Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (4.58%), and Stearic acid methyl ester (3.08%), all of which have medicinal value. The study revealed Mitracarpus scaber's medicinal potential, emphasizing its importance in pharmaceutical research and the development of novel drugs, particularly for skin infections. More pharmacological research is needed to fully explore the therapeutic effects of these bioactive substances on skin disease causative agents.

Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in Asian countries

Harungana madagascariensis is a plant abundant in several phytochemicals that can be extracted, purified, and packaged for the aim of promoting optimum health of humans. This medicinal plant is dominant in Africa was analyzed to identify its Phytochemical constituents and functional groups using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The aqueous-methanol fraction was obtained using standard extraction methods. The fraction was subjected to phytochemical analysis, which revealed the presence of diverse secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids, phenolic compounds, which are known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral performed revealed the presence of characteristic functional groups such as OH stretch in phenol and alcohol, -CH stretch in alkenes, C=O -C-O stretch in esters, the presence of these functional groups provides strong evidence of the therapeutic potential of the plant. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling elucidates the presence of key metabolites and fatty acid derivatives such as Tri-hydroxy-phenylalanine, Quinolinone, 9-octadecenamide, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Linoleic acid ethyl ester, 9, 12- octadecanoic acid, Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid and Propanoic acid. These compounds are known to possess diverse pharmacological properties. The combined use of these spectrometric techniques provides complementary insight into the biochemical make up of H. madagascariensis leaves. The findings support the ethnomedicinal use of the plant and offer a scientific basis for its therapeutic potential. Further isolation and structural elucidation of the key metabolites are recommended to explore their pharmacological efficacy and potential for drug development.

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have been subject of interest since ancient time due to their use in food, industrial and biomedical applications. Research attention has further augmented to explore their phytochemical composition, properties, and potential application in the post-COVID era. In the present study phytochemical screening has been carried out with Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera (MLEMO) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis of MLEMO revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenol, Proteins, Quinones, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Terpenoids. Further, GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 41 compounds of which Dihydroxyacetone; Monomethyl malonate; 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl; 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl); Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester; 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone; Sorbitol; Inositol; Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl), Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl palmitate; n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid); 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; Phytol; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; Octadecanoic acid; 9-Octadecenamide were prominent. Most of the compounds in the list are bioactive and possess medicinal properties that are expected to serve as a baseline lead for the development of therapeutic agents.
 Keywords: Phytochemical screening; GCMS; Bioactive Natural Products; Moringa oleifera; MLEMO; Biomedical application

Abstract. Thasmi CN, Hafizuddin H, Husnurrizal H, Dasrul, Sutriana A, Gani BA, Nazar M. 2024. Moringa oleifera as a potential bioactive agent against Gram-positive and negative bacteria: In-silico analysis of 1YN5 and 3RG1 receptor binding. Biodiversitas 25: 3411-3421. The natural antioxidant extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. simultaneously possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-infertility, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the active chemical compounds isolated from the leaves of M. oleifera and examine the chemical interaction between the selected compounds and the 1YN5 and 3RG1 proteins based on the molecular docking model. M. oleifera leaves were collected from the Kajhu Village, District of Aceh Besar, Province of Aceh, Indonesia. The bioactive compounds were isolated through cold extraction by using the maceration technique. Chemical analysis and characterization of bioactive compounds were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant bioactivity/Free Radical Scavenging Potency (FRSP) was determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. The molecular docking process refers to the modified MOE software docking protocol. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaf contains 38 bioactive compounds. Several bioactive compounds have high peak area percentages, including Oxirane, hexadecyl- (20.22%), TRICYCLO [20.8.0.0E7,16] TRIACONTA (14.35%), acetic acid (CAS), ethyl acetate (11.32%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (8.94%), and oleic acid (8.12%). Molecular docking showed that oleic acid, oxirane, hexadecyl, and 1-Heptacosanol have greater affinity to the 1YN5 gene, while octadecanoic acid and tetracontane have better binding affinity to the 3RG1 proteins. The bioactive compound 1-Heptacosanol bound both to the 1YN5 and 3RG1 proteins. The ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves possessed better IC50 (6.07 ppm), relatively twice lower when compared to the positive standard, Vitamin C (10.58 ppm). The M. oleifera ethanol extract exhibits antioxidant bioactivity in the very strong category. The bioactive compound 1-Heptacosanol shows binding affinity with both 1YN5 and 3RG1 proteins.

ABSTRACTThe yield and fatty oil components of the seed kernels of Annona squamosa L. (Family: Annonaceae) were determined by solvent extraction method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seeds were extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with n-hexane. The free radical–scavenging activities of both ethanolic and n-hexane fraction against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined by UV spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds including steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and different types of ester compounds. The prevailing compounds found in ethanolic fraction were n-hexadecanoic acid (10.08%), heptadecene-(8)-carbonic acid-(1) (29.68%), octadecanoic acid (3.61%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (5.14%), ergost-5-en-3-ol (3.68%), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (5.93%), and y-sitosterol (8.25%). Compounds found in n-hexane fraction were mainly n-hexadecanoic acid (14.42%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (2.87%), cis-vaccenic acid (10.39%), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.03%), hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (4%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (13.33%), ergost-5-en-3-ol (4.04%), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,22e) (6.07%), and y-sitosterol (10.87%). The crude fatty oil was converted into methyl esters and analyzed by GC-MS. Eleven compounds constituting 99.9% of the oil were identified. The presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in ethanolic and n-hexane fraction of A. squamosa seed extract justify the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and herbal medicine. Both the fractions have shown significant antioxidant activity. The presence of phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids are reported as possible contributors for antioxidant activity of seed extract.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis fails to prevent common infections in hospitalized children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

As the majority of pharmaceutical businesses rely on medical plants for the synthesis of pharmaceutical chemicals, medicinal plants are of significant interest to researchers in the field of biotechnology. The majority of herbal remedies and the products that are derived from them are frequently made from unrefined plant extracts, which include a complex mixture of various phytochemical components (plant secondary metabolites). The chemical characteristics of these components vary greatly between species. An intriguing device for determining the concentration of various active constituents in plants utilised in the cosmetic, medicine, the agriculture or medical sectors is the GC-MS method employed for the assessment of the extracted samples. The entire plant methanol extract of Tinospora was used in this work to identify bioactive elements employing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS results suggest several different chemicals, including (9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid , 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, .gamma.-Sitosterol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Methyl cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoate and 2-Hydrazino-2-imidazoline in the Tinospora methanolic extract. As a result, the bioactive compounds in the methanol extracts of this herb may have chemopreventive, antitumor, anti-microbial, antioxidants, and hypoglycaemic potential. This study's findings suggest that the existence of these phytochemicals as well as bioactive substances in Tinospora cordifolia makes it a potential new reservoir of medications.

The increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has driven the global search for new antimicrobial drugs from untapped natural sources. One of the biggest sources of bioactive secondary metabolites is endophytic fungi, symbiotic microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues. It is true that, despite the abundance of medicinal plant species in the state of Katsina, Nigeria, there is no scientific knowledge of the antibacterial potential of the endophytic fungi of these plants. Thus, this paper seeks to isolate and profile endophytic fungi towards new antibacterial derivatives. This study isolated Aspergillus niger from Moringa oleifera, and the exometabolites were extracted, and their antibacterial activity against 10 pathogenic bacterial strains was measured using the disc diffusion technique. The fungal extract was analyzed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), in silico molecular docking to estimate binding affinities with bacterial enzymes (ECPR, MurA, and PBPs), and Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion/Toxicity (ADME/T) to establish the drug likeness. The antibacterial assay showed that the Aspergillus niger strain MOR-1 exhibited broad and strong activity, with inhibitory diameters ranging from 16.67 ± 1.53 mm to 29.33 ± 2.52 mm against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, S. typhi, and E. coli. The activity of the strain was similar to that of ciprofloxacin (12.10 ± 1.05 to 30.1 ± 0.41 mm), indicating the synthesis of effective antibacterial metabolites with broad-spectrum activity. Analysis of the fungal extracts by GC-MS revealed various bioactive compounds, including fatty acid esters, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes with known antimicrobial properties. The presence of functional groups (including hydroxyl, carbonyl, and alkene groups) which are typical of bioactive secondary metabolites was further confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The molecular docking experiments indicated that the important compounds, especially methyl ricinoleate, 9-octadecenoic acid, and methyl linolenate, exhibit high binding affinity to essential bacterial target enzymes involved in cell wall and protein synthesis. The predicted pharmacokinetic and low-toxicity profiles of the lead compounds, based on ADME/T screening, supported their potential as drug-like antibacterial candidates. The results show that Aspergillus niger is a promising source of potent antibacterial metabolites with activities similar to those of standard antibiotics. Future research should focus on purifying and testing the most promising compounds in vivo to establish their therapeutic potential as new antibacterial agents.

In the current study, a novel green nano-catalyst from Tragacanth gum (TG) was synthesized and used for sustainable biodiesel production from Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern contains 30% oil on dry basis and free fatty acid content of 0.43 mg KOH/g. Physiochemical characterization of a newly synthesized nano-catalyst was performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The XRD results showed an average crystalline size of 39.29 nm. TEM analysis showed the cluster form of NiSO4 nanoparticles with a size range from 30–50.5 nm. SEM analysis of the catalyst showed semispherical and ovoid shapes with surface agglomeration. The synthesized catalyst was recovered and re-used in four repeated transesterification cycles. Maximum biodiesel yield (93%) was accomplished at 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt%, at 90 °C for 120 min at 600 rpm using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD). Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. biodiesel was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) analytical techniques. The major fatty acid methyl esters were 16-Octadecenoic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The fuel properties, i.e., flash point (97 °C), density (825 kg/m3 at 40 °C), kinematic viscosity (4.66 mm2/s), pour point (–10 °C), cloud point (–14 °C), sulfur content (66 wt.%), and total acid number (182 mg KOH/g) were according to the International biodiesel standards. The reaction kinetic parameters were determined, and all the reactions followed Pseudo first-order kinetics. It was concluded that non-edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil is one of the sustainable candidates for the future biofuel industry using a cleaner, reusable, and highly active Ni-modified TG nano-catalyst.

The impact of an education program on hand hygiene compliance and nosocomial infection incidence in an urban Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: An intervention study with before and after comparison

Data on GC-MS analysis, in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of the Catharanthus roseus and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts

The growing global concern over antimicrobial resistance has prompted intensified research into plant-derived natural products as alternative therapeutic agents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents from the methanolic stem bark extract of Polyalthia longifolia and the root extract of Annona senegalensis, two plants widely used in West African ethnomedicine. The crude extracts were subjected to fractionation using column chromatography, employing solvent systems of increasing polarity. The obtained fractions were analysed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to determine the number of constituent compounds and their retention factor (Rf) values. Characterization of the most active fractions was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The crude extracts were successfully fractionated resulting in six fractions from each plant. Fractions F1 and F5 from P. longifolia and F3 and F4 from A. senegalensis were selected for detailed phytochemical investigation based on preliminary thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and bioactivity screening. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyl (O-H), carbonyl (C=O), alkyl (C=H), ester (C-O), and aromatic (C=C) groups—consistent with alcohols, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, and fatty acids. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further identified a wide range of bioactive compounds. For P. longifolia, major constituents included 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, methyl palmitate, n-hexadecanoic acid, methyl stearate, and squalene—compounds reported in literature to possess significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Similarly, the GC-MS profile of A. senegalensis fractions revealed the presence of (+)-roemerine, trans-4-chlorochalcone, hexadecanoic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid, among others, which have also been associated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. The results validate the ethnomedicinal use of these plants and support their potential as sources of new antimicrobial agents. The combination of FTIR and GC-MS provided a reliable approach to profiling and identifying phytoconstituents in complex plant matrices. These findings not only expand the phytochemical knowledge of P. longifolia and A. senegalensis but also contribute to ongoing efforts in natural product-based drug discovery.

Object: The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of improvement in environmental condition on hand washing compliance and the incidences of overall and site-specific nosocomial infection in neurosurgical patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to determine the risk factors of nosocomial infection. Method: The design of facilities in the ICU was changed. Then nurses' hand washing compliance and the incidence of nosocomial infection in all neurosurgical, patients hospitalized for more than 48 hours in ICU, were investigated from July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004 (second survey). Hand washing compliance and overall and site-specific nosocomial infection rates during that period were compared with the results of the first survey, which was conducted from April 1, 2002 to March 31, 2003. Results: The rate of hand washing compliance increased from 25.65% to 47.90%. The overall nosocomial infection rates during the first and second survey were 42.51% and 28.80% (p=0.02) respectively. Risk factors associated with the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia were the length of hospital day, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, the use of ventilator and the presence of tracheostomy, and those associated with the incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infections were the duration of urinary catheter, the presence of diabetes mellitus and female gender. Conclusion: These results showed that the improvement in environmental condition was an important factor in increasing hand washing compliance and in decreasing the incidence of nosocomial infection.

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), physiochemical and rheological analysis of Albizia zygia gum have been carried out. Albizia zygia exudate is a brownish in colour, acidic and ionic gum. GCMS spectra of the gum indicated the presence of (E)-methyl octadec-7-enoate (41.18 %), methyl palmitate (18.64 %), methyl stearate (19.13 %), (9E,12E)-methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate (11.88 %), methyl icosanoate (1.85 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl oleate (2.05 %), (Z)-octadec-13-enal (1.63 %), 2-hydroxy-3-(palmitoyloxy)propyl stearate (1.55 %), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl stearate (0.82 %), dimethyl phthalate (0.58 %) and 3-((aminomethoxy) (hydroxy)phosphoryloxy)propane-1,2-diyl dipalmitate (0.70 %). The FTIR spectrum of the gum indicated several functional groups, including –OH, C-O and C=O. From the scanning electron micrograph, the morphology of the gum shows irregular shapes embedded on the surface. Rheological studies indicated that the viscosity of the gum increased with increasing pH but decreased with an increase in temperature. Application of Huggins, Kraemer and Tanglertpaibul and Rao models indicated that the intrinsic viscosity of the gum is in the range of 0.5 - 0.8. Plots obtained for the variation of viscosity with shear rate and shear rate with shear stress confirmed that Albizia zygia gum is a non Newtonian dilatant polymer with a characteristic shear thickening property.