Comparability of Modified and Standardized Test Conditions for the 6-Min Run

The purpose of the research was to examine the relationship between ranking of success and match analysis parameters, and to develop a regression formula to understand the effectiveness of these parameters on league score in the season of 2018- 2019 Turkish Spor Toto Football Super League. A total of 306 competitions in the league consisting of 18 teams in the season of 2018-2019 were examined. The parameters used in the current research were total, high intensity, and sprint running distances with or without ball, number of successful shots and passes, ball possessions in the first, second and third regions, and points earned at the end of the season. In accordance with the findings, the most related parameters to the league score were total running distance with ball, and the number of successful shots and passes p<0.01) and high intensity running distance with or without ball, sprint running distance, successful passes, and shots were mostly seen in the third region in the season of 2018-2019 Turkish Spor Toto Football Super League. The multivariate linear regression analysis F(7,10)=6.05, p=0.0058 was found statistically significant, and showed that 68 % of the variance in the dependent variable (R2 adjusted=0.68) was explained by the ratio of high intensity running distance with ball to high intensity running distance, sprint distance with ball to sprint distance, and the number successful shots and passes. Future studies may also examine the match location, defensive parameters, opposing teams, and other match analysis parameters.

To date there are no therapies for patients with congenital myopathies, muscle disorders causing poor quality of life of affected individuals. In approximately 30% of the cases, patients with congenital myopathies carry either dominant or recessive mutations in the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene; recessive RYR1 mutations are accompanied by reduction of RyR1 expression and content in skeletal muscles and are associated with fiber hypotrophy and muscle weakness. Importantly, muscles of patients with recessive RYR1 mutations exhibit increased content of class II histone deacetylases and of DNA genomic methylation. We recently created a mouse model knocked-in for the p.Q1970fsX16+ p.A4329D RyR1 mutations, which are isogenic to those carried by a severely affected child suffering from a recessive form of RyR1-related multi-mini core disease. The phenotype of the RyR1 mutant mice recapitulates many aspects of the clinical picture of patients carrying recessive RYR1 mutations. We treated the compound heterozygous mice with a combination of two drugs targeting DNA methylases and class II histone deacetylases. Here, we show that treatment of the mutant mice with drugs targeting epigenetic enzymes improves muscle strength, RyR1 protein content, and muscle ultrastructure. This study provides proof of concept for the pharmacological treatment of patients with congenital myopathies linked to recessive RYR1 mutations.

Editor's evaluation: Improvement of muscle strength in a mouse model for congenital myopathy treated with HDAC and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors

Decision letter: Improvement of muscle strength in a mouse model for congenital myopathy treated with HDAC and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors

The present study was conducted to examine the impact of external load on winning matches in football. The study group comprised players of the football team in the Spor Toto 1 st League. A total of 13 matches, including 6 won matches and 7 lost matches, were used in the analysis. The data on matches were taken from the 2022-2023 season of the Spor Toto 1st League. The following external load parameters were used in the analysis: total running distance (m), total high-speed running (HSR) distance, total sprint distance (m), acceleration distance (m), deceleration distance (m), ACD load, and maximum sprint reached (km/h). Data were collected with the wearable technology tracking system on football players during matches via GPS. The independent t-test was used in the program (SPSS 26.0) when analyzing normally distributed research data. The analysis of research data found a statistically significant difference in the total distance covered, total HSR distance, total sprint distance, and acceleration values among the external load results for the won and lost matches (p<0.05) but did not find a statistically significant difference in the deceleration, ACD load, and sprint speed values (p>0.05). Consequently, it can be concluded that differences in many values that are considered necessary for success in the football field have an effect on winning matches in football. For values with no statistical difference, it may be recommended to conduct studies in a higher league, with more matches and more players.

0924 PURPOSE: Physical education programs using the FITNESSGRAM youth fitness battery (Cooper Institute, 1999) can use either the PACER 20m shuttle run test or the mile run test to estimate aerobic capacity. The purpuse of this study was to examine the agreement between the PACER test (PACER) and the Mile Run test (MILE) and to evaluate the criterion validity of the tests compared to a laboratory-based measure of aerobic capacity. METHODS: A sample of 473 7th and 8th graders (271 males and 202 females) completed both the PACER and the MILE under controlled field conditions. A subsample of 48 participants (31 males and 17 females) completed a maximum aerobic capacity test on a treadmill. Correlations among the different tests were computed to reflect overall agreement among the methods. Estimated VO2 max values from the field tests were compared to the measured VO2 max values using a repeated measures ANOVA. Classification agreement with the FITNESSGRAM criterion referenced standards were also performed to determine the impact of any differences on the resulting feedback messages delivered to children. RESULTS: Correlations with the measured VO2 max value were moderate for both the MILE (r = 0.64) and the PACER (r = 0.51). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between the estimated VO2 max and the measured VO2max values [F(1,471) = 69.67, p < .001]. Both field tests significantly overestimated the measured VO2 max value for males (PACER: ES = 0.38; MILE: ES = 0.69) and females (PACER: ES = 0.71; MILE: ES = 0.89). The overall agreement between the two field tests was good but the PACER yielded significantly lower estimates of VO2 max (difference = 1.6 ml/kg/min; ES = 0.30). The classification agreement based on meeting or not meeting the FITNESSGRAM criterion referenced standards were 82% for males and 79% for females. CONCLUSIONS: The two field assessments of aerobic fitness in the FITNESSGRAM provide similar estimates of aerobic capacity but both overestimate aerobic capacity in middle school youth. Supported in part by a grant from Research Consortium – AAHPERD.

O limiar anaeróbio individual (IAT), o limiar glicêmico individual (IGT), a velocidade associada ao VO2max (Vmax), a velocidade média em corrida de 3.000m (Vm3km) e a velocidade crítica (VC) têm sido utilizados na avaliação aeróbia e prescrição de exercício para atletas-corredores. No entanto, estudos comparando estes parâmetros e sua possível aplicação para indivíduos não atletas ainda não foram realizados. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram comparar e estabelecer as relações entre IAT, IGT, Vmax, Vm3km e VC em indivíduos fisicamente ativos não atletas. Onze indivíduos fisicamente ativos e saudáveis (20,7 ± 1,8 anos; 74,2 ± 14,5kg; 48,9 ± 5,8mlO2.kg.min-1) realizaram randomicamente os seguintes testes de corrida em dias distintos: 1) determinação da Vm3km a partir do desempenho em corrida de 3.000m; 2) desempenho em corrida de 500m e 3) teste incremental em esteira ergométrica para determinação do IAT, IGT, VO2max e Vmax. A VC foi determinada por regressão linear (relação distância-tempo) a partir dos testes de 3km e 500m. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre as velocidades do IAT e IGT (184,8 ± 27,7 e 182,8 ± 27,9m.min-1; P &gt; 0,05), e entre Vmax e Vm3km (211,1 ± 30 e 213,4 ± 32,2m.min-1; P &gt; 0,05). Apesar da alta correlação entre as variáveis estudadas, a VC (199,8 ± 30,4m.min-1) superestimou o IAT e o IGT (P &lt; 0,001). Concluímos que a Vm3km pode ser utilizada como referência de Vmax e que a VC identificada em pista pode ser útil para avaliar a aptidão aeróbia e identificar domínios de intensidade de exercício para indivíduos jovens fisicamente ativos, mas não como referência de limiar anaeróbio.

Background: Mental fatigue can impact physical demands and tactical behavior in sport-related contexts. Small-sided games (SSGs) are often used to develop a specific sport-related context. However, the effects of mental fatigue on physical demands and tactical behaviors during soccer SSGs have not been aggregated for systematical assessment.Objective: This systematic review (with a meta-analysis) was conducted to compare the effects of mental fatigue vs. control conditions in terms of the total running distance and tactical behavior of soccer players during SSGs.Methods: The data sources utilized were PubMed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The study eligibility criteria were established based on PICOS: (i) Population: healthy youth and young adult men soccer players with regular training practice and belonging to teams with regular competitions; (ii) Intervention: exposed to mental fatigue-induced protocols only before SSGs; (iii) Comparator: control conditions (passive or active not promoting mental fatigue) before SSGs; (iv) Outcomes: physical demands (total running distance) and tactical behavior (attacking behavior accuracy, pass decision-making accuracy, and space exploration index); (v) Study design: counterbalanced cross-over design; and (vi) only full-text and original articles written in English.Results: The database search initially identified 111 titles. From those, six articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results showed no significant effect of fatigue on total running distance (ES = 0.13; p = 0.307) and tactical behavior (ES = 0.56; p = 0.079).Conclusions: A non-significant effect of mental fatigue on total running distance and tactical behaviors performed by soccer players during SSGs was found in this systematic review.

A run test is used in the assessment of physical fitness in military applicants. Seismocardiography is a fast, non-invasive method for estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness which could replace conventional run tests. We aimed to assess the association between distance covered at a 12-minute run test and estimated maximum oxygen uptake using seismocardiography. We hypothesized was that there was a significant correlation between the distance measured at a 12-minute run test and the estimated maximum oxygen uptake determined by seismocardiography. We included healthy military applicants aged between 18 and 49 years. A 12-minute run test was conducted and we measured the covered distance. Maximum oxygen uptake was estimated by seismocardiography with the Seismofit device at rest in connection with the medical examination. We analyzed the association between the covered run test distance and the estimated maximum oxygen uptake by a correlation analysis. We also calculated an expected run distance in meters by Cooper's formula based on the estimated maximum oxygen uptake. The expected and measured run distances were compared with Bland-Altman analysis. The study was presented for the Regional Research Ethics Committee who decided that the study could be conducted without formal approval because it was entirely observational. We included 219 individuals and complete data were obtained in 204 participants in whom there was a significant correlation between estimated maximum oxygen uptake and the measured 12-minute run distance R = 0.40, P < 0.001. The bias (mean difference) in run distance (expected minus measured) was 155 m, SD 298 m, limits of agreement -429 to 739 m. In women, the mean difference in run distance (expected minus measured) was -49 m, SD 226 m while in men, mean difference (expected minus measured) in run distance was 204 m, SD 294 m. There was a significant negative correlation between BMI and the difference (expected minus measured) in run distance. A significant association was found between distance measured at a 12-minute run test and the estimated maximum oxygen uptake determined by seismocardiography. There was, however, a low precision as we found too high variability in the difference between expected and measured run distance to allow prediction of run distance.

Vertical eye tracking test, up-down test, and running test in the dark and light were carried out to obtain Bode plots of transfer function of the opto-oculomotor, otolithic oculomotor, and opto-otolithic oculomotor systems. 1. The gain and phase of the opto-oculomotor system obtained from the vertical eye tracking test were flat in a frequency range of 0.3 to 1.0 Hz. 2. During the up-down test in the dark, the gain of the otolithic oculomotor system linearly increased at the rate of 20 dB/decade with an increase of frequency from 0.7 to 5 Hz. 3. During the up-down test in the light, the gain and phase were flat in a frequency range of 0.3 to 2.5 Hz. 4. The transfer function calculated with vertical head acceleration as input and vertical eye movement as output in the running test in the dark was similar to that in the light. The gain linearly decreased at the rate of 40 dB/decade with increase of frequency from 0.3 to 3.0 Hz. During running, eye displacement is almost in proportion to the head displacement in both dark and light. In daily, active movement such as running, eye movement proportional to head displacement appears without collaborative action of the opto-oculomotor system. 5. All five patients with bilateral loss of labyrinthine excitability exhibited a similar opto-oculomotor response to that of normal subjects. Three of the five patients did not show any eye movement corresponding to head movement in the up-down test in the dark. However, two patients showed a periodic eye movement in the same test, indicating dispersion of the gain and phase values. 6. These patients exhibited a rhythmic eye movement corresponding to head movement in the running test in the dark and light. However, values of gain and phase obtained in both tests were cultured. The variations in gain obtained from the running test in the light were observed in frequency ranges above and below 1 Hz.

Introduction. The assessment of physical fitness (PF), is useful strategy to know the current status of schoolchildren. Our primary objective was to measure the current health status and PF levels of schoolchildren in San Luis and to develop PF reference tables. Population and methods. Schoolchildren aged 9 to 12 years (boys and girls) were assessed based on 2 health indicators: body mass index and blood pressure. PF was measured using the ALPHA-Fitness test battery. Blood pressure, body mass, height, foot and hand length, standing long jump, 30 m sprint, 4 × 10 m agility test, and 20 m shuttle run test were assessed. The body mass index (BMI) and biological maturation were estimated. Results. A total of 15 548 schoolchildren were assessed. Average systolic blood pressure was 101 ± 10 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure, 66 ± 7 mmHg; BMI: 20.2 ± 4.3 kg/m 2 . Average PF was, in the cardiorespiratory component, VO2 max.: 39.87 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min and speed reached during the 20 m shuttle run test: 8.9 ± 0.6 km/h; in the musculoskeletal component, standing long jump: 120.6 ± 23.9 cm, 30 m sprint: 6.56 ± 0.85 s, 4 × 10 m agility test: 15.17 ± 1.82 s. The performance was better in the boys group (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Blood pressure was normal. Fifty percent of the sample was overweight or obese as per their BMI. Both boys and girls showed low PF levels. PF reference tables for schoolchildren from San Luis were developed for the first time.

We examined the repeat response of NZBC extract on HIIR performance. Sixteen active males (age: 23 ± 3 yrs, height: 179 ± 5 cm, mass: 79 ± 11 kg, V˙O2max: 55.3 ± 5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1, velocity at V˙O2max: 17.2 ± 0.8 km∙h-1, mean ± SD) participated. Familiarized subjects completed the HIIR test at individualized exercise intensities with stages consisting of six 19 s high-intensity running bouts interspersed by 15 s of low-intensity running and 1 min of inter-stage rest. The test was repeated at increasing speeds until exhaustion, under four conditions; two with a daily dose of 600 mg of NZBC extract (CurraNZ™, providing 210 mg anthocyanins) and two with a placebo, each over 7 days. The study used a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design with a wash-out period of at least 14 days. For the cohort, there were no differences between the placebo and NZBC conditions for mean heart rate (p = 0.071), mean oxygen uptake (p = 0.713), and mean lactate (p = 0.121) at exhaustion for the HIIR. The NZBC extract increased the mean total running distance and mean high-intensity running distance by 7.9% and 8.0% compared to the placebo. With NZBC extract, 8 of the 16 participants (50%) enhanced in both trials beyond the smallest worthwhile change for total running distance (≥173 m) and high-intensity running distance (≥111 m). For repeated responders, total running distance and high-intensity running distance was increased by 16.7% (95% CI [11.0, 22.4%] and 16.6% (95% CI [11.0, 22.2%]. Three participants had enhanced running performance in one trial beyond the SWC, and five participants were considered non-responders. This is the first study on the repeated response by an anthocyanin-rich supplement on high-intensity running performance. New Zealand blackcurrant extract can substantially enhance intermittent high-intensity running performance in consistent responders. Future work should examine dosing strategies of New Zealand blackcurrant, and whether a repeated response rate exceeding 50% can be attained. These findings suggest that NZBC extract could be beneficial for athletes participating in high-intensity team sports.

1746 Non-athletes often suffer from muscle pain and fatigue after unaccustomed exercise. A lack of appropriate animal models makes difficult to analyze experimentally the muscle damage during acute exercise. We have reported that hyper-running behavior was inducible in rats by stimulating the “running neurons” residing in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) with bicuculline methiodide (BMI), an antagonist to GABAA receptor. This VMH stimulation induced stereotypical running irrespective of the intention. Hence, it is feasible to set up a model for acute exercise by utilizing this hyper-running behavior. PURPOSE: To evaluate this VMH stimulation as a method to study muscle damage and fatigue in non-athletes. METHODS: At 7-weekold, male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: the trained (n = 24) and the untrained rats (n = 25). The trained or the untrained were housed in cages with or without a running wheel, respectively, so that only the trained could run as they wished. At 8- week-old, a stainless steel guide cannula was stereotaxically inserted into the VMH. At 9-week-old, hyper-running was induced by injecting 0.5μl of BMI (500μM). After this induced running, plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and the food intake were measured. RESULTS: When the VMH was stimulated by BMI, 12 trained and 11 untrained rats exhibited hyper-running behavior by exceeding the limit of the normal running behavior (total running time (TRT) <27min, maximum speed (MS) <16m/min, and total running distance (TRD) < 251m). In hyper-running 12 trained rats, TRT, MS, and TRD were 45.7 ± 4.0min, 43.8 ± 2.6m/min, and 727.6 ± 82.9m, respectively. In hyperrunning 11 untrained rats, TRT, MS, and TRD were 44.0 ± 3.2min, 31.5 ± 1.9m/min, and 502.4 ± 34.4m, respectively. Plasma CPK activities in both groups were elevated above the resting levels after the hyper-running. The increase was much greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the untrained (2.0-fold increase in the trained and 5.9-fold in the untrained after two hrs). Post-exercise food intake was reduced in both groups, and the reduction was larger (P ≤ 0.01) in the untrained (−36% in untrained and −13% in the trained). CONCLUSIONS: When hyper-running behavior of trained and untrained rats was compared, untrained rats ran more slowly (P≤ 0.01) and shorter distance (P ≤ 0.05) with nearly identical running time. However, it was evident that both muscle damage (plasma CPK activity) and exercise-induced fatigue (post-exercise food intake) were more severe in untrained rats. Therefore, the VMH stimulation is an appropriate model to study muscle damage and fatigue resulting from acute exercise, particularly with non-athletes.

The influence of an increase in training volume (ITV; February 1989) vs intensity (ITI; February 1990) on performance, catecholamines, energy metabolism and serum lipids was examined in two studies on eight, and nine experienced middle- or long-distance runners; seven participated in both studies. During ITV, mean training volume was doubled from 85.9 km.week-1 (pretrial phase) to 174.6 km within 3 weeks. Some 96%-98% of the training was performed at 67 (SD 8)% of maximal performance. During ITI, speed-endurance, high-speed and interval runs increased within 3 weeks from 9 km.week-1 (pretrial phase) to 22.7 km.week-1 and the total training distance from 61.6 to 84.7 km.week-1. The ITV resulted in stagnation of running velocity at 4 mmol lactate concentration and a decrease in total running distance in the increment test. Heart rate, energy metabolic parameters, nocturnal urinary catecholamine excretion, low density, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly; the exercise-related catecholamine plasma concentrations increased at an identical exercise intensity. The ITI produced an improvement in running velocity at 4 mmol lactate concentration and in total running distance in the increment test; heart rate, energy metabolic parameters, nocturnal catecholamine excretion, and serum lipids remained nearly constant, and the exercise-related plasma catecholamine concentrations decreased at an identical exercise intensity. The ITV-related changes in metabolism and catecholamines may have indicated an exhaustion syndrome in the majority of the athletes examined but this hypothesis has to be proven by future experimental studies.

The purpose of this study is to present a comparison of the workload demonstrated by young soccer players during the phases of warm-up (WU), first half (FH) and second half (SH) of a league match. Eleven young Polish soccer players took part in this research, playing a league match after completing the WU. During the WU, FH and SH of the match the following variables were recorded: total distance run, maximal and average speed achieved during the runs, number of sprints, distances run in the different speed zones, durations of increased heart rate (HR) in specific ranges, and the maximal, mean and minimal HR. The variables were recorded by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The research showed that there were significant differences between the WU, FH and SH in the total distances run (F=30.107, p0.001), the average speed achieved during the runs (F=37.731, p0.001), the distances run at different speeds (p0.001), the duration of increased HR in specific zones, and HRmean (p=0.002) and HRmin (p0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed that, for the majority of the analyzed parameters, the WU provided a smaller load for the body than did the FH or SH, the intensity of which in some part was higher than that encountered at the anaerobic threshold. In conclusion, it has been shown that the WU and the two halves of the match load the body to varying degrees, the former doing so to a lesser extent than FH or SH.