Communicative Entrapment in the Digital Scam Industry: Indonesian Migrant Workers in Cambodia

The lack of job opportunities in the country has pushed thousands of Indonesian citizens to seek work abroad. The Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency (Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia, BP2MI) released the placement of Indonesian Migrant Workers (Pekerja Migran Indonesia, PMI) in 2018 (April) period as many as 23,431 people and 2019 as many as 25,489 people. Meanwhile, the Central Statistics Agency (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS) stated that 520 Indonesian Migrant Workers had problems in 2018 (April) period and 846 people in 2019. This study aims to determine the protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad and the government's obstacles in protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad. This study uses a normative juridical approach. That is the approach taken to legal materials, both primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research. The results of this study are first, protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers who have problems abroad, namely technical protection in the form of providing shelter, juridical protection in the form of legal assistance to PMI who are in a legal process, and political protection in the form of bilateral agreements. between Indonesia and recipient countries regarding the placement and protection of PMIs. Second, the obstacles faced by the government in protecting PMIs are the lack of legal awareness of PMI candidates, the weakness of the supervisory system, the difficulty of registering PMIs in the destination country, and the difficulty of providing lawyers to assist PMIs who conflict with the law. To reduce problematic PMI cases abroad, local governments must realize the existence of a Migrant Workers Care Village (Desa Peduli Migrant Workers, DESBUMI) in every village.Keywords: Protection, Migrant Workers, Problems

Indonesian migrant workers' children (PMI) in Malaysia often face structural challenges in accessing formal education, thus relying on non-formal education services such as Sanggar Bimbingan (SB). SB AMI Penang, like most other SBs, operates with limited resources, which contributes to the digital literacy gap. However, digital literacy is a crucial competency for social and economic participation in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This international community service program aims to design and implement a Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) introduction program as a pedagogical tool to improve the digital literacy competencies of children at SB AMI Penang. The community service methods include workshops and practical training. The results of structured and ethically oriented GenAI introduction activities proved effective in improving digital literacy in marginalized communities. The conclusion of this community service is that GenAI has the potential to be an equalizing tool to bridge the digital divide faced by Indonesian diaspora children.

Media technology in smartphones and tablets, enables the integration of innovations such as immersive realities. Innovation in mobile media may heighten the chances of problem-solving and skill acquisition for learners (Hernawan et al., 2022). Kugler (2017) predicted that this will be at the forefront of mobile learning. Taking a media studies approach, this paper addresses the question of how Heutagogy in mobile media facilitates and diverse the engagement of learners. Classical studies have restricted communication in learning in direct interaction between the knowledge provider and the learner in a fixed physical location, known as Pedagogy. In a post- covid-world, mobile media apps offer features that may extend the horizon of engagement. This transformation in learners’ autonomy from Andragogy to Heutagogy may pave the way for alternative possibilities in transforming the learning experience. In this paper, I will design a qualitative approach to investigate media and Heutagogy by assessing the autonomy and the engagement of learners with mobile media. I will execute a methodological triangulation between systematic literature review, interviews with learners, and a theoretical framework. The research design will be a sequential and exploratory. Ideally, the analysis will lead to a thematic analysis. The theoretical lens of interpretation will be viewed through the realm of self-determination theory. The findings will purposefully address the motivational elements in learning within a key learning app. The discussion of this paper may aspire to provide original evidence for autonomous learners in the pursuit of skill acquisition via new media. It may explore along the way the learners’ digital migration within the platforms of new media. Finally, this paper may contribute to the continuous progress of learning skills and extend the limits of knowledge regarding new media.

This study discusses legal protection for Indonesian migrant workers in the dynamics of the diaspora and public policy challenges. Indonesian Migrant Workers play an important role as contributors to the country’s foreign exchange, but still face various problems such as human rights violations, violence, exploitation, and weak legal protection in the destination country. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a juridical-sociological method through in-depth interviews and participatory observation of Indonesian migrant workers and secondary data analysis from official government documents and international reports. The results of the study show a significant gap between the protection policies that have been set by the government and the reality of their implementation in the field. The main problems include the rampant non-procedural placement by illegal agents, low digital literacy of Indonesian migrant workers regarding the government’s online reporting system, and limited coordination between related institutions. This study highlights the importance of cross-sector collaboration, both state and private, and the use of information technology to strengthen complaint mechanisms and the supervision of migrant worker placement in a transparent and accountable manner.

There are many cases of violence against TKI, especially female immigrant workers. This analysis analyzes the legal protection for victims of violence, especially TKI. The method in this study uses a normative juridical study where the researcher uses several references as legal materials to analyze the topic of discussion. This case study finds that Law no. 39 of 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad, is a regulation that regulates the protection of Indonesian migrant workers. This regulation stipulates that the regulation of TKI must be based on the principles of integration, equality of rights, democracy, social justice, gender justice and justice, anti-discrimination, and anti-trafficking. The government is responsible for enhancing efforts to protect Indonesian migrant workers abroad. For this reason, it is necessary to find an appropriate solution to overcome these problems and issues. This case study concludes that, although various legal theories and regulations are able to answer cases of violence against TKI, an in-depth analysis is needed to obtain a complete picture. This case study suggests that special regulations or laws are needed to prevent violence against women, in the sense of criminalizing criminal acts to providing legal remedies and sanctions for victims. In this case, sanctions are regulated not only against the perpetrators, but also the legal process and compensation, recovery and safety of victims.

This study explores the effectiveness of education and training programs for Indonesian migrant workers, who often seek employment abroad due to limited opportunities and low wages in their home country. The increasing numbers of migrant workers, combined with their significant economic contributions, highlight the need for effective training to enhance their self-reliance and reduce the likelihood of returning to overseas work. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research identifies key determinants of program success, including financial literacy, self-management, motivation, and social support. The findings reveal that while macro-level policies are still insufficient, effective mapping and guidance at the micro level show promising results. Successful training programs positively impact the workers' independence, with those who acquire essential skills more likely to pursue entrepreneurship upon returning to Indonesia, rather than seeking further employment abroad. The study underscores the importance of incorporating financial and digital literacy, along with entrepreneurship training, into the curriculum to foster long-term economic independence for Indonesian migrant workers.

Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) merupakan salah satu pahlawan bangsa karena diakui sebagai salah satu sumber devisa bagi Bangsa Indonesia. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah terjerat hutang/pinjaman online, penipuan berkedok investasi, dan pola hidup konsumtif. Melihat pada paparan permasalahan di atas, maka solusi pemecahan masalah yang diberikan dalam kegiatan Dosen Berkegiatan Di Luar Kampus ini adalah memberikan edukasi dan pendampingan mengenai literasi keuangan, etika, psikologi, dan literasi digital. Kegiatan dilakukan dalam bentuk workshop dan pendampingan selama 6 bulan. Hasil yang dicapai adalah terlaksananya workshop dengan evaluasi menyeluruh meliputi aspek materi, narasumber, dan fasilitas dimana mayoritas peserta memberi respon sangat baik dan bersedia mengikuti kegiatan pendampingan lebih lanjut. Dari hasil evaluasi kegiatan dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan ini sangat dibutuhkan oleh peserta dari PMI karena sehingga mereka memperoleh manfaat langsung dan lebih dapat mengendalikan diri untuk mengelola keuangan termasuk didalamnya dapat menerapkan etika digital dan menahan diri untuk melakukan hal-hal negatif di dunia digital.

Knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among Indonesian migrant workers in the Greater China Region

This study aims to analyze the regulations and legal protections for Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) who enter and exit through the Riau Islands, one of the main transit points for labor migration in Indonesia. Although the Indonesian government has enacted Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, its implementation continues to face numerous challenges, including weak supervision, lack of public education for prospective migrants, and the widespread practice of non-procedural placements through unlicensed brokers and rogue agents. Using a qualitative descriptive method with interviews, literature review, and documentation techniques, this research reveals that inefficiencies in the legal system and poor inter-agency coordination have created legal loopholes that compromise the safety and rights of migrant workers. Additionally, domestic economic hardship drives many individuals to pursue informal migration routes despite the high risks. This study highlights the urgency of strengthening legal protection mechanisms, simplifying legal migration processes, and improving public awareness to reduce illegal departures and enhance the protection of Indonesian migrant workers abroad.

Child trafficking and the European migration crisis: The role of forensic practitioners

Large and highly successful companies all over the world have to deal with the problem of industrial espionage at one time or another. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Industrial Espionage as “acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors” and goes on to state that “... industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many business to keep secret their designs, formulas, manufacturing processes, research and future plans in order to protect or expand their shares of the market.” Thus we can say that companies spy on other companies to obtain information related to trade secrets and intellectual property that can bring financial payoffs, market leadership, economic growth and, in some cases, political clout to the spying companies. It should be well understood that spying is an illegal and covert activity in almost every country in the world, where laws to deal with it have been enacted. Thus, industrial espionage qualifies as an illegal activity by virtue of its nature itself. Nevertheless, organizations and governments still engage in it because of the benefits it can bring and the fact that legal proceedings are extremely complicated and time consuming. Where specific laws do not exist, legal proceedings can still be initiated by framing charges of theft and unauthorized access. The United States enacted the Industrial Espionage Act of 1996, also called the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996 to deal with such espionage.

Repatriation process is regarded as the last stage of the protection program for the trafficked persons. It is the stage that has more human interaction and personal contact between the caregivers and the receivers. Trafficked children, in particular, have vulnerability as they still need to depend on others for their well-being. Therefore, there are special provisions and specific legislation both international and national based on human rights principles to protect the children during the repatriation process. It is important to apply the rights-based approach to trafficked children when the care givers help them to redress their human rights and reduce the barriers to apply such approach at the hands of caregivers. As there is still an argument in defining what is repatriation and reintegration, the findings first presented the different interpretations from different caregivers. Then, it describes the repatriation process starting from victim identification, care and supporting programs at Baan Kredtrakarn shelter including vocational training, health care, psycho-social support and legal assistance in Thailand and analyzed the degree of application of rights-based approach in accordance with the national and international guidelines. The continued process in Myanmar is explained briefly together with the family tracing process and the challenges in Myanmar. Throughout the presentation of research findings, the three evaluating factors in rights-based approach which are the accountability, equality and non-discrimination, and participation were used to analyze the current practices in the process of repatriation. It was found out that the rights-based approach has been partially addressed in the current repatriation process. The accountability, equality and non-discrimination, and participation are applied in the aspects of i) cooperating with civil society organizations for effective protection, ii) having multidisciplinary team, iii) providing measures in Thai laws and bilateral MOU for faster repatriation, iv) providing same legal assistance regardless of nationality, v) keeping the best interest of the children in the legal process and maintaining confidentiality in the family tracing process. On the other hand, the three main principles are needed to enhance in the following areas because of i) different interpretations for repatriation and reintegration, ii) the limited channels for the participation from the children, iii) corrupted officials in the legal process and some Thai officials’ negative attitudes towards migrant workers, iv) resource constraints for individual care, v) lack of alternative option for the children who do not pass the nationality confirmation.

Human trafficking is a serious crime that continues to evolve at both national and international levels. In Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, human trafficking has become a major issue, particularly concerning the illegal trafficking of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs). This research employs a juridical-empirical approach, using interviews and document studies as data collection techniques. The findings of this study reveal that: (1) The factors contributing to human trafficking in Belu Regency can be categorized into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the perpetrators' motivation to gain quick financial benefits without considering the consequences and the victims' poor economic conditions and lack of awareness of their rights. External factors encompass poverty, low levels of education, limited job opportunities, and weak law enforcement, which creates opportunities for the perpetrators. (2) The modus operandi of the perpetrators involves deception, such as promising high-paying jobs with good working conditions, which ultimately leads to the exploitation of victims. (3) Efforts to combat human trafficking involve preemptive, preventive, and repressive measures. Preemptive efforts include public awareness campaigns, preventive measures focus on monitoring illegal recruitment activities, and repressive measures involve law enforcement actions against the perpetrators.

This article purpose is to clarify of forensic characterization meaning of criminal offenses committed by professional participants in legal proceedings for determining substantive elements of its structure. The goal was achieved through application of a number of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. Based on consideration of the trends in development of forensic characterization doctrine, the analysis of theoretical approaches of scientists to resolving controversial aspects, it was determined that the forensic characterization is the information basis of individual forensic methods. As a generalization of forensically significant signs of elements of the mechanism of criminal and illegal activity, it ensures relevance of formulated recommendations and their compliance with requirements of law-making activity and therefore, their further practical significance. It is proved that the content of the forensic characterization has a dynamic structure, primarily determined by specifics of composition of criminal offense, their groups, as well as the peculiarities of the mechanism of criminal activity. It is argued that the forensic characteristics of criminal offenses committed by professional participants in justice are: 1) method of committing a criminal offense (method of preparation, method of committing, method of concealment); 2) circumstances of committing a criminal offense, time and place; 3) criminal identity; 4) tools and means of committing a criminal offense; 5) traces of a criminal offense; 6) victim identity; 7) offense topic. It was found that information about the identity of the victim and the subject of the offense are optional and are not always reflected in the structure of criminal and illegal activity. Identified components of these criminal offenses can be used to improve the methodology of their investigation, which will contribute to more effective detection, documentation and proof of the facts of illegal activity of professional participants in justice.

Based on the literature study related to the condition of TikTok social media users who often give bad comments to other people's uploads, it is very important to equip them with good digital literacy skills. Good digital literacy will certainly make them able to filter information scattered on social media and avoid racist behavior that will have a negative impact. This research method uses descriptive qualitative method. The main data source is social media content containing racist comments. Secondary data sources are literature studies obtained scientifically. This research aims to find out why there are still many TikTok social media users Improving digital literacy in multicultural societies is very important in global efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aim to avoid gaps in access and understanding of technology or digital media. From several elements of digital literacy by Wheeler, it can be concluded that the lack of digital literacy skills at the filtering and selecting stage makes them unable to understand or realize that the act of commenting with race is a bad act. For example, people often give negative speech in the comments column when utilizing social media, especially TikTok social media. Their motives and goals for doing this are usually entertainment motives, which means that TikTok users feel entertained through the provision of these utterances. So that users, especially TikTok media viewers, get a personal satisfaction that aims only as entertainment. Therefore, improving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program through the 16th pillar of the SDGs, namely, Justice, Peace and Strong Institutions. Reduced racism will certainly make the digital environment peaceful and all users feel justice because they are treated equally such as being given positive comments and supported to continue working regardless of race.