COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR HINDU RELIGIOUS COUNSELING IN DENPASAR CITY

The article examines the state and identifies systemic problems in the implementation of communication strategies by public authorities in Ukraine, which do not allow to increase the efficiency of their work. The positive sides and shortcomings in the development and implementation of communication strategies in the field of public management and administration are analyzed; the requirements and factors that most significantly influence the content of communication processes in the public sphere are determined. It has been proven that the positive perception of the activities of public authorities is influenced not only by the information field formed by the Ukrainian mass media and interested parties, but also by informational messages of Russian propaganda, countering which should be the task of the structural units of public authorities responsible for communication. Suggestions for improving communication activities in the public sphere are provided. It is substantiated that when developing a communication strategy, public authorities should ensure the reduction of uncertainty and the risk of failure when making strategic management decisions. The essence of the interaction of public authorities with target audiences is determined, which consists in ensuring effective state policy, adapting state reforms to possible future changes in the external environment. It is emphasized that the achievement of these tasks is impossible without increasing the level of trust and image of public authorities among citizens; raising citizens’ awareness of the processes taking place in them; ensuring active participation of the public in the process of making management decisions and establishing feedback; improving cooperation with national and international mass media; strengthening the presence of public authorities at the international level; optimization of internal communications and information exchange in public authorities. Keywords: information, communications in public administration, strategic communications, communication risks, target audiences, communication channels.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find outpublic perception of Polda Metro Jaya's performance regarding policing actions during the COVID-19 pandemic, knowing how Kapolda Metro Jaya manages the Instagram account @kapoldametrojaya as one of the strategy implementations in carrying out public communication strategies related to policing actions during the COVID-19 pandemic, getting answers to the need Polri's strategy in managing the COVID-19 pandemic by paying attention to public communication strategies. Method: The research method in this study uses a qualitative method which seeks to explain social phenomena from the perspective of perceived barriers which are one of the causes of the lack of community participation to prevent the spread of COVID-19. and using case study research. This research is based on the type of case study, including the type of exploratory case study research. Using the case study method, researchers will explore Polda Metro Jaya's communication strategy in managing public perceptions regarding overcoming the Covid-19 Pandemic through research on Polda Metro Jaya's Instagram account. In this research, the case study method was carried out using a qualitative approach which discussed improving the image of the Police. This research focuses on the Instagram account of the Metro Jaya Police Chief as the highest ranking officer in the Metro Jaya Police, DKI Jakarta and this research focuses on the Metro Jaya Police Chief's digital communication strategy process. So the approach in this research uses a more qualitative and comprehensive case study to describe the police's self-image for the sake of a humanist communication strategy. Primary data sources are objects observed directly in the field and data obtained through interviewed informants. In this research, informants came from police institutions, community leaders, local government and academics. This data is also accompanied by photo, image and map data to complement the primary data. Secondary data sources are documents or written sources in general. Secondary data is obtained from research results, journals, the internet and matters related to data needs. This secondary data is useful for researchers to understand more deeply the problem that is the object of research. Researchers try to attend and interact with informants as intensively as possible on various occasions, such as routine monthly activities involving key informants, jointly carrying out activities at the research location, and participating in other activities. This was done because in accordance with the research method used, the data collection process was carried out in a natural setting (natural conditions). The data was collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Results and conclusion: Based on the literature review and analysis carried out, Polda Metro Jaya's policing actions in the COVID-19 pandemic era made a significant contribution to overcoming COVID-19. in the Jakarta area and surrounding areas. The interaction between the community and Polda Metro Jaya has built "trust" and narrowed the communication gap due to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Polri communication meta-typology strategy has advantages, as it can be better adapted to address the needs and concerns of different segments of the population and to facilitate the implementation of recommended behaviors that can help the Polri in managing crises. Research implications: It is hoped that this research will have scientific implications and when planning and implementing communication strategies, it will be taken into consideration by National Police agencies, especially Regional Police Chiefs or prospective Regional Police Chiefs, Police Chiefs or prospective Police Chiefs throughout Indonesia to improve effective communication strategies in managing public perception, so that policing performance Regional units obtain strong legitimacy from the community in carrying out police duties and functions. Thus, this research will be useful for managers of the National Police organization in understanding the importance of optimizing communication strategies aimed at managing public perception. Originality/value: This research explores the Communication Strategy of the Metro Jaya Police Chief's Instagram Account as a fundamental typology of the Indonesian National Police that supports a humanist approach to public communication. In this research, researchers conducted interviews with several sources within Polda Metro Jaya, Police Headquarters, as well as several non-police sources of information. Apart from that, interviews were also conducted with the Head of the Police Public Relations Division, non-Police personnel who volunteered to work to support the implementation of police strategies.

The implementation of tourism development policies in the Matakando Village Kota Bima requires an appropriate communication strategy. Mapping a communication strategy is one way for the government to develop regional potential in 10 Matakando Villages with all forms of available Natural Resources. Researchers examine tourism development through the implementation of communication strategies in understanding existing regulations as well as describing the use of government communication strategies to collaborate with various parties in tourism development in local areas. This situation requires a relevant collaborative approach and analysis of the suitability of the concept of implementing a communication strategy originating from regulations, observational data, collection of complementary documents to meet the needs of research on tourism development. Examined from this context, the researchers used a type of qualitative research through a literature review approach. This position places researchers to sort, select, analyze phenomena that occur within the scope of implementing communication strategy policies through a number of supporting documents, articles, tourism narratives in interpreting various issues regarding tourism development communication strategies. Based on the results of observations in the field and the results of document analysis, it was found that a number of implementations of policy communication strategies were found in the communication strategy for tourism development in Matakando Village, including adaptation to facility development and implementation of strategic policies. Facility development adaptation is related to environmental management through various supporting facilities in the development of local area spatial planning. Facility development adaptation is related to environmental management through various supporting facilities in the development of local area spatial planning. Meanwhile, the implementation of strategic policies is related to government collaboration with various parties in assisting tourism development in the Matakando sub-district.

For many years, Hizballah was perceived as a success story by many in Lebanon and, indeed, throughout the Middle East and the Arab and Muslim world, and even beyond. The organization seemed to succeed in whatever it attempted to achieve. It was active in several arenas at once—in the Lebanese Shiʿi community, in the Lebanese political arena in general, on the front with Israel, and even in the regional arena at large—and in each sphere, it seemed to grow ever stronger.What was the precise nature of Hizballah's success and to what in particular should it be attributed? Should the focus be on the organization's ability to defy Israel, to “needle” and “wound” it over and over again, and even to create a degree of deterrence capability such as the Arab states over the years had found it difficult or impossible to develop? Or perhaps one should focus on Hizballah's success in turning the Shiʿi community in Lebanon into a cohesive political entity striving for a leading role in the state, perhaps even the predominant role? Or perhaps the focus should be on another front altogether, that is, Hizballah's unprecedented achievements in advancing Iran's interests while serving as Tehran's vanguard in penetrating to the shores of the Mediterranean?Whatever answer one gives to these questions, one thing is clear: Hizballah's perceived success relied in no small degree on its ability to make itself seem more powerful than it really was and on its skill in creating, via the communications media, a modern “David and Goliath” story with the roles reversed. This process was greatly aided by today's modern media that blur the lines between the real and the virtual worlds. Hizballah discovered how to use digital media and communications in a sophisticated way and turned media into one of its main instruments for consolidating its standing and building its image of success.However, it is important to separate reality from fantasy; Hizballah's aura of success turned out to be fleeting, and it has shown clear signs of fading altogether. For some time now, it seems that the organization has lost its magic touch and is no longer moving from success to success. When did the damaging reversal take place?Was it the Second Lebanese War in the summer of 2006? Hizballah emerged from that conflict acting as if it were the victor, while in reality, once the fighting ended, the organization's supporters in Lebanon, if no one else, were compelled to see the difference between a virtual victory in the media and the reality on the ground. All around them, Hizballah's supporters were confronted with a reality of destruction and devastation that Hizballah had brought down upon them because of the war it carried out against Israel.Or perhaps the moment of transition began in May 2008, when Hizballah turned its weapons against its fellow Lebanese, members of the Sunni community, and thus revealed its true face, not as an organization of resistance to Israel, but as a Shiʿi political force in Lebanon seeking to advance its own narrow sectarian political agenda.March 2011, when the Syrian revolution broke out, might also be considered as marking a critical juncture for Hizballah. It now found itself on the wrong side of the political equation. In the eyes of many observers, Hizballah allowed itself to be drafted into the service of Shiʿi Iran in support of Syria's cruel dictator, who had resorted to slaughtering his own people, especially members of the Sunni majority who were seeking liberty and freedom.These developments influenced the way many people perceived Hizballah, especially those in the Arab world, but also those in the West as well. Nevertheless, for the masses of Shiʿis in Lebanon, Hizballah was and remains a significant factor in their daily lives, regardless of the state of the organization's image and media gimmicks. Hizballah won the support of the local Shiʿi communities—thanks to the financial, educational, social welfare, and other services it provides to these communities—and these services are what guarantee the continued support of the Shiʿi population in Lebanon.The book under review, The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication, focuses on Hizballah's pre-2011 glory days. The book appears at a difficult time for Hizballah. This difficulty is evident from Hasan Nasrallah's nervous and overwrought speeches in recent years, in which he is clearly apologetic as he strives to justify Hizballah's unpopular intervention in the Syrian civil war. Many Lebanese Shiʿi families are paying the price with the lives of their sons in that war. Nasrallah has also given speeches revealing real anxiety, not necessarily in regard to Israel, but particularly in regard to the Islamic State (is), which is perceived as the up-and-coming star in the Arab and Muslim worlds. Indeed, the is not only threatens Hizballah physically, but also, and mainly, seeks to remove the organization from its position as the media darling of the Arab and Muslim worlds.The authors of The Hizbullah Phenomenon undertake to examine the connection between politics and the media, or, in other words, the connection between the Hizballah's political activities—its policies, ideological principles, modes of action affecting the public, and so on—and its communication strategies—the clever ways it uses the media to make itself appear more powerful and promote the “Hizballah phenomenon” as something unique in the region. In the introduction to the book, “Hizbullah's Communication and Political Evolution,” the authors succinctly characterize the organization and argue: Hizbullah, the Lebanese ‘party of god’, is a late twentieth-century phenomenon, the outcome of a series of socio-historical and political junctures marked by domestic political upheaval and regional conflicts. Hizbullah is a by-product of regional geostrategic alignments: the group is ideologically and politically connected to Iran, and its capabilities, weaponry and operations are influenced by Iranian patronage. It is also has long-term strategic links with Syria, which has acted as a conduit for the supply of arms and personnel from Iran and serves as an important ally in domestic politics. In the space of thirty years, Hizbullah has established itself as the most powerful political force in Lebanon and as a dynamic actor in the broader region through its use of a sophisticated political communication strategy which blends military, social, economic and religious elements while remaining adaptive to changing socio-political contexts. This strategy, as the book will show, has been a central tool that the group has used to disseminate its image and ideology. (p. 1)And the book's central argument is stated a few pages later: This book argues that Hizbullah's communication strategy has served as the foundation for its political evolution and endurance as a movement. Ever since its inception, Hizbullah has paid constant attention to its image, seeking to manage and institutionalize it in order to achieve legitimacy, to reach out to different constituents and to implement its political goals. The starting point for this book is that Hizbullah's political evolution and its success within particular contexts cannot be appreciated without understanding the methods, tools and practices it has employed since its formation in 1982, and the relationship between agency and structure—i.e., the activism of its elites and ideologues functioning within organized and deeply rooted structural arrangements, and the relationship between this activism and political contexts. Indeed, it is Hizbullah's highly organized structure that has allowed it to develop and reproduce authority in popular culture, and to devise and implement communication strategies in line with changing political, economic and social contexts…. (Furthermore), This book argues that Hizbullah's political, economic, military and cultural mobilization and activism cannot be seen as natural or taken-for-granted responses to accumulated grievances, or as a reactionary product of a cultural essence. Rather, Hizbullah's activism and mobilization have resulted from the agency of its elites and ideologues and their implementation of a political communication strategy designed to widen its support base and increase its influence. (p. 5)Thus, in the various chapters of this collection of essays, the authors deal with the familiar story of the development of Hizballah, but they do so from unique perspectives. Among the book's chapters are “Hizbullah's Political Strategy,” by Lina Khatib; “From the Invasion to the Liberation: Communicating Hizbullah's Political Repertoire, 1982–2000,” by Dina Matar and Atef Alshaer with Lina Khatib; “Hizbullah in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Political Survival, 2000–2012,” by Lina Khatib; and the particularly interesting article, “The Poetry of Hizbullah,” by Atef Alshaer; as well as Dina Matar's important article, “Hassan Nasrallah: The Central Actor in Hizbullah's Political Communication Strategies.”Matar's article focuses on Hasan Nasrallah, Hizballah's Secretary General and supreme leader. For good or for bad, for two decades now, the fate of Nasrallah and the fate of Hizballah have been intimately bound together. This close connection between the identity of the leader and his organization enables scholars to analyze them through the prism of charisma. True, charisma is usually thought of as an attribute of a political personality, but it can also carry over to his (or her) organization insofar as the latter has a life of its own.It will be recalled that “charisma,” from the Greek meaning “gift of the gods,” refers to a personal quality or charm that gives an individual exceptional interpersonal communication skills and the ability to influence or exert authority over people. The charismatic person is able to use his charm, which includes more than the ability to speak persuasively and think rationally, to reach people's hearts and influence their opinions, and sometimes he is able to attract the masses to his cause and organization. The modern use of the word “charisma” was introduced by the German sociologist Max Weber. He used the term to describe the influence of a leader whose followers attribute his influence to his supernatural or divinely conferred traits. Weber thus defined “charisma” as “a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities.” The most significant point is the recognition of these traits. “This recognition is a matter of total personal devotion resulting from enthusiasm or despair and hope…. Charisma can be bound up with subjective or internal redirection that emerges from suffering, conflict, or enthusiasm,” a process that can occur at times of “spiritual, physical, economic, ethical, or political crisis.”However, as is well known, charisma also depends on success and fades away when political, economic, military, or any kind of failure takes place. Charisma cannot be preserved without success.The successes achieved by Nasrallah's charisma, and consequently his organization, depended on the ability of both of them to maximize their achievements under favorable circumstances. At home, these circumstances included the weakness of Hizballah's rivals in both the Shiʿi community and the Lebanese social and political system in general. On the regional level, Hizballah's power inside Lebanon was limited by the restrictions forced upon it by both Israel and Syria. At the same time, Hizballah enjoyed the unlimited and disproportionate support of Iran, in the form of billions of dollars supplied annually and weaponry enough to satisfy a whole state.However, these circumstances, with regard to both Iran and the region in general, were destined to change, and not necessarily in Hizballah's favor. In Iran, the changes taking place were made manifest when Hassan Rouhani was elected president in June 2013. Dina Matar alludes to this in her chapter entitled, “Hizbullah in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Political Survival.” This chapter deals with the organization in the shadow of the “Arab Spring,” and in face of the revolutions spawned by that phenomenon throughout the Arab world. Matar argues that, “With dignity and heroism having come within the reach of the average Arab citizen as a result of the Arab Spring, the narrative of victimization was the only way in which Hizbullah would now be able to stand out in a region that was witnessing a rise in individual agency beyond the umbrella of political organizations, a factor that Hizbullah's communication strategy had never had to address before. The Arab Spring, then, put Hizbullah at a crossroads, not only stealing its limelight but also testing its credibility in the Arab world, and consequently, its longevity. Thirty years after Hizbullah came into existence, the group's communication strategy appears to have come full circle” (p. 118).The summation presented in the final chapter of the book, “Conclusion: Hizbullah at a Crossroads,” makes the following three points: The trajectory of Hizbullah's communication strategy offers a number of important lessons for scholars of social movements, activism and political communication: first, communication strategy succeeds when a group can bridge the gap between the way it perceives itself and the way others perceive it, rather than remaining focused on the validity of its ideologies vis-à-vis those of others—the smaller the distance between these perceptions, the higher the degree of the communication strategy's success. Second, no communication strategy can succeed if it lacks credibility. Hizbullah has consistently relied on notions of justice and liberty to prove its legitimacy to its audiences, claiming to represent the voices of the people, to speak for the oppressed and to seek “justice” for victims of Israeli aggression while branding itself as a “liberator” and “defender” of land and people. But this image was threatened when the Assad regime in Syria turned its weapons on its own people during the Arab Spring, as opposed to directing them towards the Israeli “enemy” in the occupied Golan Heights. Finally, in order to be successful, there is a need for a dynamic relationship between communication strategy and changing political contexts. Hizbullah's evolving communication strategy is part of the party's place within a larger political opportunity structure where “fixed or permanent institutional features combine with more short-term, volatile, or conjectural factors to produce an overall particular opportunity structure. (p. 189)Before the Arab uprisings, and particularly before the Syrian rebellion, Hizballah had been largely successful at taking advantage of changes in the political environment to carve a favorable image, and simultaneously, to adapt its image according to changes in the environment. This highlights the fine balance that exists between political adaptability and reliability and between structure and agency. However, the uprisings, coupled with a significant shift in the visible performance of politics by ordinary citizens in the Arab world, thus far constitute the main obstacles to maintaining the credibility of Hizballah's familiar communication framework, and consequently its ability to capture the imagination of its intended audiences.However, with all due respect to communications, publicity, and propaganda, it should be noted that Hizballah's ally, Syrian President Bashar al-Asad, observed in March 2011 that the glorious aura of the struggle with Israel, and even the halo of an Arab “David” fighting the Israeli “Goliath,” were not enough to save one at the moment of truth brought about by a broad-based popular uprising. At this point, we should also recall that for the masses of Shiʿis in Lebanon, Hizballah is not merely a virtual entity, but rather a very tangible and important factor in their daily lives. At every step it is there, beginning in kindergarten, then in school, and on to the health clinic and hospital, including all aspects of economic life and social relations. Thus, it would seem that as long as Hizballah continues to meet the practical needs of the Lebanese Shiʿis and fulfills their political desires and aspirations, its continued existence is assured.

For many years, Hizballah was perceived as a success story by many in Lebanon and, indeed, throughout the Middle East and the Arab and Muslim world, and even beyond. The organization seemed to succeed in whatever it attempted to achieve. It was active in several arenas at once—in the Lebanese Shiʿi community, in the Lebanese political arena in general, on the front with Israel, and even in the regional arena at large—and in each sphere, it seemed to grow ever stronger.What was the precise nature of Hizballah's success and to what in particular should it be attributed? Should the focus be on the organization's ability to defy Israel, to “needle” and “wound” it over and over again, and even to create a degree of deterrence capability such as the Arab states over the years had found it difficult or impossible to develop? Or perhaps one should focus on Hizballah's success in turning the Shiʿi community in Lebanon into a cohesive political entity striving for a leading role in the state, perhaps even the predominant role? Or perhaps the focus should be on another front altogether, that is, Hizballah's unprecedented achievements in advancing Iran's interests while serving as Tehran's vanguard in penetrating to the shores of the Mediterranean?Whatever answer one gives to these questions, one thing is clear: Hizballah's perceived success relied in no small degree on its ability to make itself seem more powerful than it really was and on its skill in creating, via the communications media, a modern “David and Goliath” story with the roles reversed. This process was greatly aided by today's modern media that blur the lines between the real and the virtual worlds. Hizballah discovered how to use digital media and communications in a sophisticated way and turned media into one of its main instruments for consolidating its standing and building its image of success.However, it is important to separate reality from fantasy; Hizballah's aura of success turned out to be fleeting, and it has shown clear signs of fading altogether. For some time now, it seems that the organization has lost its magic touch and is no longer moving from success to success. When did the damaging reversal take place?Was it the Second Lebanese War in the summer of 2006? Hizballah emerged from that conflict acting as if it were the victor, while in reality, once the fighting ended, the organization's supporters in Lebanon, if no one else, were compelled to see the difference between a virtual victory in the media and the reality on the ground. All around them, Hizballah's supporters were confronted with a reality of destruction and devastation that Hizballah had brought down upon them because of the war it carried out against Israel.Or perhaps the moment of transition began in May 2008, when Hizballah turned its weapons against its fellow Lebanese, members of the Sunni community, and thus revealed its true face, not as an organization of resistance to Israel, but as a Shiʿi political force in Lebanon seeking to advance its own narrow sectarian political agenda.March 2011, when the Syrian revolution broke out, might also be considered as marking a critical juncture for Hizballah. It now found itself on the wrong side of the political equation. In the eyes of many observers, Hizballah allowed itself to be drafted into the service of Shiʿi Iran in support of Syria's cruel dictator, who had resorted to slaughtering his own people, especially members of the Sunni majority who were seeking liberty and freedom.These developments influenced the way many people perceived Hizballah, especially those in the Arab world, but also those in the West as well. Nevertheless, for the masses of Shiʿis in Lebanon, Hizballah was and remains a significant factor in their daily lives, regardless of the state of the organization's image and media gimmicks. Hizballah won the support of the local Shiʿi communities—thanks to the financial, educational, social welfare, and other services it provides to these communities—and these services are what guarantee the continued support of the Shiʿi population in Lebanon.The book under review, The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication, focuses on Hizballah's pre-2011 glory days. The book appears at a difficult time for Hizballah. This difficulty is evident from Hasan Nasrallah's nervous and overwrought speeches in recent years, in which he is clearly apologetic as he strives to justify Hizballah's unpopular intervention in the Syrian civil war. Many Lebanese Shiʿi families are paying the price with the lives of their sons in that war. Nasrallah has also given speeches revealing real anxiety, not necessarily in regard to Israel, but particularly in regard to the Islamic State (is), which is perceived as the up-and-coming star in the Arab and Muslim worlds. Indeed, the is not only threatens Hizballah physically, but also, and mainly, seeks to remove the organization from its position as the media darling of the Arab and Muslim worlds.The authors of The Hizbullah Phenomenon undertake to examine the connection between politics and the media, or, in other words, the connection between the Hizballah's political activities—its policies, ideological principles, modes of action affecting the public, and so on—and its communication strategies—the clever ways it uses the media to make itself appear more powerful and promote the “Hizballah phenomenon” as something unique in the region. In the introduction to the book, “Hizbullah's Communication and Political Evolution,” the authors succinctly characterize the organization and argue: Hizbullah, the Lebanese ‘party of god’, is a late twentieth-century phenomenon, the outcome of a series of socio-historical and political junctures marked by domestic political upheaval and regional conflicts. Hizbullah is a by-product of regional geostrategic alignments: the group is ideologically and politically connected to Iran, and its capabilities, weaponry and operations are influenced by Iranian patronage. It is also has long-term strategic links with Syria, which has acted as a conduit for the supply of arms and personnel from Iran and serves as an important ally in domestic politics. In the space of thirty years, Hizbullah has established itself as the most powerful political force in Lebanon and as a dynamic actor in the broader region through its use of a sophisticated political communication strategy which blends military, social, economic and religious elements while remaining adaptive to changing socio-political contexts. This strategy, as the book will show, has been a central tool that the group has used to disseminate its image and ideology. (p. 1)And the book's central argument is stated a few pages later: This book argues that Hizbullah's communication strategy has served as the foundation for its political evolution and endurance as a movement. Ever since its inception, Hizbullah has paid constant attention to its image, seeking to manage and institutionalize it in order to achieve legitimacy, to reach out to different constituents and to implement its political goals. The starting point for this book is that Hizbullah's political evolution and its success within particular contexts cannot be appreciated without understanding the methods, tools and practices it has employed since its formation in 1982, and the relationship between agency and structure—i.e., the activism of its elites and ideologues functioning within organized and deeply rooted structural arrangements, and the relationship between this activism and political contexts. Indeed, it is Hizbullah's highly organized structure that has allowed it to develop and reproduce authority in popular culture, and to devise and implement communication strategies in line with changing political, economic and social contexts…. (Furthermore), This book argues that Hizbullah's political, economic, military and cultural mobilization and activism cannot be seen as natural or taken-for-granted responses to accumulated grievances, or as a reactionary product of a cultural essence. Rather, Hizbullah's activism and mobilization have resulted from the agency of its elites and ideologues and their implementation of a political communication strategy designed to widen its support base and increase its influence. (p. 5)Thus, in the various chapters of this collection of essays, the authors deal with the familiar story of the development of Hizballah, but they do so from unique perspectives. Among the book's chapters are “Hizbullah's Political Strategy,” by Lina Khatib; “From the Invasion to the Liberation: Communicating Hizbullah's Political Repertoire, 1982–2000,” by Dina Matar and Atef Alshaer with Lina Khatib; “Hizbullah in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Political Survival, 2000–2012,” by Lina Khatib; and the particularly interesting article, “The Poetry of Hizbullah,” by Atef Alshaer; as well as Dina Matar's important article, “Hassan Nasrallah: The Central Actor in Hizbullah's Political Communication Strategies.”Matar's article focuses on Hasan Nasrallah, Hizballah's Secretary General and supreme leader. For good or for bad, for two decades now, the fate of Nasrallah and the fate of Hizballah have been intimately bound together. This close connection between the identity of the leader and his organization enables scholars to analyze them through the prism of charisma. True, charisma is usually thought of as an attribute of a political personality, but it can also carry over to his (or her) organization insofar as the latter has a life of its own.It will be recalled that “charisma,” from the Greek meaning “gift of the gods,” refers to a personal quality or charm that gives an individual exceptional interpersonal communication skills and the ability to influence or exert authority over people. The charismatic person is able to use his charm, which includes more than the ability to speak persuasively and think rationally, to reach people's hearts and influence their opinions, and sometimes he is able to attract the masses to his cause and organization. The modern use of the word “charisma” was introduced by the German sociologist Max Weber. He used the term to describe the influence of a leader whose followers attribute his influence to his supernatural or divinely conferred traits. Weber thus defined “charisma” as “a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities.” The most significant point is the recognition of these traits. “This recognition is a matter of total personal devotion resulting from enthusiasm or despair and hope…. Charisma can be bound up with subjective or internal redirection that emerges from suffering, conflict, or enthusiasm,” a process that can occur at times of “spiritual, physical, economic, ethical, or political crisis.”However, as is well known, charisma also depends on success and fades away when political, economic, military, or any kind of failure takes place. Charisma cannot be preserved without success.The successes achieved by Nasrallah's charisma, and consequently his organization, depended on the ability of both of them to maximize their achievements under favorable circumstances. At home, these circumstances included the weakness of Hizballah's rivals in both the Shiʿi community and the Lebanese social and political system in general. On the regional level, Hizballah's power inside Lebanon was limited by the restrictions forced upon it by both Israel and Syria. At the same time, Hizballah enjoyed the unlimited and disproportionate support of Iran, in the form of billions of dollars supplied annually and weaponry enough to satisfy a whole state.However, these circumstances, with regard to both Iran and the region in general, were destined to change, and not necessarily in Hizballah's favor. In Iran, the changes taking place were made manifest when Hassan Rouhani was elected president in June 2013. Dina Matar alludes to this in her chapter entitled, “Hizbullah in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Political Survival.” This chapter deals with the organization in the shadow of the “Arab Spring,” and in face of the revolutions spawned by that phenomenon throughout the Arab world. Matar argues that, “With dignity and heroism having come within the reach of the average Arab citizen as a result of the Arab Spring, the narrative of victimization was the only way in which Hizbullah would now be able to stand out in a region that was witnessing a rise in individual agency beyond the umbrella of political organizations, a factor that Hizbullah's communication strategy had never had to address before. The Arab Spring, then, put Hizbullah at a crossroads, not only stealing its limelight but also testing its credibility in the Arab world, and consequently, its longevity. Thirty years after Hizbullah came into existence, the group's communication strategy appears to have come full circle” (p. 118).The summation presented in the final chapter of the book, “Conclusion: Hizbullah at a Crossroads,” makes the following three points: The trajectory of Hizbullah's communication strategy offers a number of important lessons for scholars of social movements, activism and political communication: first, communication strategy succeeds when a group can bridge the gap between the way it perceives itself and the way others perceive it, rather than remaining focused on the validity of its ideologies vis-à-vis those of others—the smaller the distance between these perceptions, the higher the degree of the communication strategy's success. Second, no communication strategy can succeed if it lacks credibility. Hizbullah has consistently relied on notions of justice and liberty to prove its legitimacy to its audiences, claiming to represent the voices of the people, to speak for the oppressed and to seek “justice” for victims of Israeli aggression while branding itself as a “liberator” and “defender” of land and people. But this image was threatened when the Assad regime in Syria turned its weapons on its own people during the Arab Spring, as opposed to directing them towards the Israeli “enemy” in the occupied Golan Heights. Finally, in order to be successful, there is a need for a dynamic relationship between communication strategy and changing political contexts. Hizbullah's evolving communication strategy is part of the party's place within a larger political opportunity structure where “fixed or permanent institutional features combine with more short-term, volatile, or conjectural factors to produce an overall particular opportunity structure. (p. 189)Before the Arab uprisings, and particularly before the Syrian rebellion, Hizballah had been largely successful at taking advantage of changes in the political environment to carve a favorable image, and simultaneously, to adapt its image according to changes in the environment. This highlights the fine balance that exists between political adaptability and reliability and between structure and agency. However, the uprisings, coupled with a significant shift in the visible performance of politics by ordinary citizens in the Arab world, thus far constitute the main obstacles to maintaining the credibility of Hizballah's familiar communication framework, and consequently its ability to capture the imagination of its intended audiences.However, with all due respect to communications, publicity, and propaganda, it should be noted that Hizballah's ally, Syrian President Bashar al-Asad, observed in March 2011 that the glorious aura of the struggle with Israel, and even the halo of an Arab “David” fighting the Israeli “Goliath,” were not enough to save one at the moment of truth brought about by a broad-based popular uprising. At this point, we should also recall that for the masses of Shiʿis in Lebanon, Hizballah is not merely a virtual entity, but rather a very tangible and important factor in their daily lives. At every step it is there, beginning in kindergarten, then in school, and on to the health clinic and hospital, including all aspects of economic life and social relations. Thus, it would seem that as long as Hizballah continues to meet the practical needs of the Lebanese Shiʿis and fulfills their political desires and aspirations, its continued existence is assured.

The focus of this research is an investigation of communication strategies employed by higher education institutions (HEIs) in leveraging their alumni networks. Such communication strategies are fundamental in fostering alumni networks whose developments not only instil a sense of belonging but are also strategic in improving institutional reputation, fundraising efforts, as well as student mentorship opportunities. The methodological approach focused on a document analysis, through an examination of relevant secondary sources of information, in order to determine communication strategies for improved alumni involvement. The findings are documented around four emergent themes: (i) the importance of strategic communication in HEIs, (ii) improving alumni engagement with modern communication, (iii) barriers to communication in HEIs and (iv) the benefits of an engaged alumni network. Recommendations for HEIs include the development and implementation of communication strategies that meet the unique requirements of their alumni, the usage of data analytics to manage alumni information, the dissemination of clear and consistent messages across all communication platforms and the encouragement of alumni participation in areas such as academic advisory boards and university volunteer programmes. Additional recommendations include the feature of alumni success stories in HEI communication channels, use of the surveys to gather alumni feedback and the investment in digital technologies to reach and communicate with alumni (such as virtual events, alumni portals and mobile applications). This paper contributes to the scholarship of research on fostering alumni relations through an exploration of communication strategies that encourage increased alumni involvement. Keywords: Communication strategies, alumni, HEIs

The article raises a topical issue of choosing communication strategies and some ways of their implementation. Modern society is characterized by fairly free communication practices that im-plement a variety of communication strategies. The choice and implementation of communication strategies are influenced by various extralinguistic factors, the features of the linguistic personality of the communicants, and the goals that the speaker sets for themselves. The article turns to the consid-eration of the communication strategies of a trainer-instructor working with adult students of a dance school. Of the main strategies, the author identifies a strategy related to teaching the art of dance, a strategy for promoting business, a strategy aimed at creating psychological interaction, and psycholog-ical comfort. The main methods used in the study are the method of observing and recording utteranc-es, the method of directed conversation, and the method of linguistic analysis of messages posted on social networks. Based on the variety of tactics and specific techniques used in the speech practice of the trainer-instructor, the author has determined that the primary and most important for them is the communi-cative strategy aimed at teaching how to dance. The communicative strategy associated with solving business problems is mainly manifested in published messages and texts in network communication. The strategy aimed at creating psychological comfort, psychological interaction, is mainly expressed in direct interpersonal communication, but some tactics implementing it are also noted in network publi-cations. In general, the communicative strategies of the trainer-instructor working with adults are complex, characterized by emotionality, flexibility and precision.

Effective communication by traditional market traders strengthens social relationships, maintains buyer loyalty, reflects Islamic values, and serves as an adaptive strategy to face challenges from the modern and digital market. This study aims to analyze the communication strategies of traditional market traders based on Islamic broadcasting values and their influence on socio-economic interaction and buyer loyalty within a socio-cultural context. This research employs a qualitative case study approach with data collection techniques including participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that traditional market traders' verbal and nonverbal communication strategies reflect Islamic broadcasting values, strengthen socio-economic relationships, build trust, and enhance buyer loyalty through friendly, ethical, and empathetic approaches. The socio-cultural context plays a crucial role in the communication strategies of traditional market traders, encouraging harmonious cross-cultural adaptation and reinforcing interactions based on Islamic values such as empathy, tolerance, and muamalah ethics (Islamic commercial ethics). Communication strategies grounded in Islamic values, such as friendliness, empathy, and ethics, prove effective in increasing buyer loyalty through emotional bonding, trust, and warm, humane shopping experiences in traditional markets. In conclusion, communication strategies based on Islamic values enhance socio-economic interactions, build loyalty, and adapt culture within multiethnic traditional markets.

One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be used to reduce the frequency of hallucinations is general individual therapy by the implementation of communication strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of general individual therapy in reducing the frequency of hallucinations of patients at RSJ. H.B Saanin Padang. This study used a quasi-experimental design in one group (one group pre-test - post-test design). Sampling was done by purposive sampling. The samples of this study consisted of 13 people. Samples were provided with individual therapy using the implementation of communication strategy approach for 14 days. After that, samples were measured with regular interviews. This data was then analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with a 95% degree of confidence. Wilcoxon test results obtained p-value = 0.001. This result showed that the individual therapy approach to the implementation of communication strategies was effective in reducing the frequency of hallucinations of patients with hallucinations in the psychiatric hospital H.B Saanin Padang.

Environmental issues have become a global concern that requires collaborative efforts to address effectively. Despite various initiatives, public awareness and participation have not yet effectively protected the environment. This study aims to identify and analyze communication strategies used by environmentalists in environmental awareness campaigns, as well as their impact on increasing public participation and awareness. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with 16 informants who had an active role in environmental campaigns, including community leaders, environmental cadres, volunteers, and youth environmental activists. Participatory observation is carried out to directly understand the dynamics and implementation of communication strategies in the field. The results of the study show that communication strategies that integrate spiritual approaches, local culture, and concrete actions have succeeded in increasing people's environmental awareness. Activities such as joint prayer, shadaqah bumi (earth charity), grief compensation, cleaning the residents' environment, planting trees, and the Tamsiruga program (plant, water, care for, and protect) create a sense of collective responsibility and emotional attachment to the environment. Approaches based on local wisdom, such as the use of the terms shadaqah bumi and Tamsiruga, make the campaign more relevant and easily accepted by the community. However, this campaign also faces challenges in the form of financial limitations and difficulties in inviting apathetic people. The study concludes that community approaches based on local values, spirituality, and direct involvement are highly effective in building sustainable environmental awareness. The recommendations of this study include the need for stronger collaboration between environmental activists, governments, and communities to strengthen the sustainability of campaigns.

The article analyzes the theoretical approach to determining the essence and features of communication strategies as planning communication documents used by local self-government bodies to involve the target audience and the local population in management at the local and national levels. The author defines the standard and distinctive features of communication and communication strategies and outlines the areas of their use. A communication strategy is a document defined as a strategic communication guideline for the planned implementation of informational influence to raise awareness of the planned changes and form appropriate behavior patterns of potential and existing target audiences and target groups of the local community. The expediency of using the complex system approach COMBI (Communication for Behavioral Impact) in developing and implementing communication strategies is substantiated. Careful development and successful implementation of a communication strategy can increase the effectiveness of decision-making by local self-government bodies and contribute to forming the community as a full-fledged subject of local self-government. Emphasis is placed on informativeness, credibility, the accuracy of messages, and the level of their perception by target audiences to evaluate communication strategies. It was established that the structure of the communication strategy should include such elements as compliance with strategic goals, determination of expected behavior, situation analysis, development of messages and their preliminary testing, development of an action plan, explanation of means of control over implementation, monitoring and assessment of impact, development of schedule and implementation plan, as well as determination of resources and budget. The types of communication strategies that can be developed and implemented at the regional level are summarized, and their strategic goals and hierarchical structures are supplemented. The author’s classification of communication strategies according to the following characteristics is presented: type of actor, goal, region, sector, and influence. Keywords: communicative interaction, public administration bodies, communication strategies, development of local self-government, local community, development strategies and programs, components of communication strategies, types of communication strategies.

Background: Effective teamwork is highly reliant on both technical and non-technical skills (such as communication, decision making and situational awareness). In healthcare, the role of non-technical skills fails to take priority and can hinder a team’s performance. Methods: Our objective was to determine the effectiveness and efficacy of delivering a full-day professional development symposium focused on communication strategies and culture building to the operating room staff at a hospital with over 250 acute beds. A prospective, observational cohort study including all members of the operating room was designed. Improvement was measured through an anonymous, voluntary, web-based survey and surrogate metrics of improved communication and positive work culture (staff turnover, sick days and spending). Results: 82 participants completed at least one survey. At three months post-symposium, more than 60% of participants noticed that their colleagues made active efforts to communicate positively and effectively in their interactions (p = 0.009). At this same interval, staff reported a reduction in common challenges routinely encountered in the operating room. Sick days fell from 622 in the year preceding the symposium to 218 in the year following the symposium. Staff turnover fell from nine to two in that same interval while OR spending was reduced by 4.2%. Interpretation: Results from our cohort suggest that a focused, professional development symposium with emphasis on communication strategies may improve operating room culture and yield both cost savings and improved patient care. More quality-controlled research with a rigorous study design is needed to assess the impact of communication training in an OR setting.

Despite evidence that Communication Partner Training (CPT) can enable health professionals to communicate more effectively with people with aphasia (PWA), an evidence-practice gap exists. To address this, a tailored implementation intervention was developed and trialled to improve health professionals' implementation of communication strategies in a subacute setting. To explore the outcomes and perceived feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of an iterative CPT implementation intervention on multidisciplinary healthcare professionals' communication with PWA. The CPT implementation intervention was delivered to two groups of healthcare professionals (n = 6 and 7) approximately 6 months apart. The intervention underwent two iterations targeting emerging barriers to implementation success, with Group 2 receiving a modified version of the Group 1 intervention. A concurrent qualitative process evaluation was conducted to understand key factors determining implementation outcomes. Quantitative outcomes were recorded at baseline and 3-month follow-up, including the Measure of Skill in Supported Communication (MSC), a customized behavioural determinants survey mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Organizational Readiness for Change survey. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with health professional participants and the speech-language therapist trainer to explore perceptions of feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness. Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data, with categories and themes generated. The Group 2 implementation intervention was adapted based on feedback and reflections from Group 1 participants to incorporate more time for practice interactions and discussion during training, individual follow-up sessions and provision of accessible resources to aid communication attempts. There were greater improvements seen in the Group 2 outcomes on both the MSC and the TDF survey, suggesting that the iterative tailoring of the intervention was successful in addressing the barriers to change and led to improved implementation. The difference between the group's outcomes may also partly be explained by the impact of organizational readiness, which decreased during Group 1's implementation period. Despite similar themes emerging from the stakeholder perspectives in both groups (training factors, implementation facilitators, implementation barriers, and changes in knowledge and practice), these diverted in ways which served to explain the different implementation outcomes. An iteratively adapted CPT implementation intervention targeting healthcare professionals' use of supported communication strategies was feasible and acceptable for most participants. The implementation intervention was potentially effective in changing participants' communication with PWA, particularly for Group 2. Future CPT implementation efforts should continue to incorporate stakeholder input and tailor strategies to the organizational context, and measure whether outcomes are sustained in the long term. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject CPT is a complex intervention that can improve communication access and outcomes for PWA. However, there are barriers to both delivering CPT programmes to staff, and for staff in modifying their communication behaviours. Despite increasing efforts to improve CPT implementation, it remains largely unclear whether CPT implementation interventions are effective in improving interactions between staff and patients, and what elements of an implementation intervention result in changed behaviour. What this study adds to existing knowledge This study showed that adopting an iterative, barriers-focused approach to implementation facilitated practice change for one of the groups that participated in the programme. Incorporating stakeholder feedback in an ongoing way led to improvements in feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness, with several of the main barriers being effectively addressed by the intervention. Some key mechanisms of change were identified. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work It is necessary to develop active, targeted implementation strategies to support healthcare professionals to modify their communication, monitor implementation barriers as they arise and modify behaviour-change strategies accordingly. In a similar context, it is suggested that CPT implementation interventions should incorporate the use of audit feedback, physical resources and educational lectures paired with interactions with PWA in order to bring about change, with ongoing support and facilitation.

Who am I to take hope away? - A qualitative study of clinicians' experiences with patient and family enquiries about unproven therapies.

The election of the Cirebon Mayoral Candidate and the Cirebon Deputy Mayoral Candidate in 2024 provides an important picture of the implementation of political communication strategies in regional head election campaigns. Choosing the right communication strategy plays a vital role in attracting public sympathy and determining their political choices. This study aims to explore how Candidate Pair 03 Effendi Edo and Siti Farida Rosmawati design and implement communication strategies that can build emotional connections with voters and influence the political preferences of Cirebon residents. Political communication theory is used to analyze media selection, narratives, and the relevance of messages conveyed to the public. A qualitative research method with a case study approach was chosen to obtain data through interviews with the campaign team and analysis of social media content and campaign materials. The results of the study show that Candidate Pair 03 Effendi Edo and Siti Farida Rosmawati succeeded in establishing emotional closeness with the community through a local-based approach that focuses on community empowerment, thus impacting voters' political choices.