Abstract
The transition to electric mobility reduces transportation carbon emissions but presents challenges in integrating growing electricity demand with renewable electricity generation and power systems. Smart charging emerges as a key technology to minimize operational costs and support higher utilization of green electricity for electric vehicles (EVs). Market analysis indicates a trend towards dynamic electricity tariffs, incentivizing EV charging at times favourable to the electricity grid, yet existing literature fails to address smart charging technology in sync with times of lower electricity prices and higher renewables integration. This work examines different smart charging strategies for a commercial EV fleet in Germany, considering a Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariff indexed to day-ahead market prices and renewable electricity integrations. HOMER Grid is used to model these smart charging strategies and generate new EV load profiles. Direct and indirect CO2 emissions and renewable electricity usage ratios are calculated based on detailed electricity grid and self consumption data. The resulting Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is minimized, by adjusting solar PV and battery capacities. The adoption of an RTP tariff decreases the LCOE from €0.530 to €0.314 per kWh. A smart charging strategy designed to reduce peak demand and schedule charging at lower price times further reduces the LCOE to €0.283 per kWh. The lowest LCOE of €0.281 per kWh is achieved with 34.4 kWp of solar PV capacity and no batteries. The carbon impact is minimized with larger solar PV and battery capacities. The performed work indicates a favourable framework for EV charging integrators to maximize cost savings and renewable energy integration for an EV fleet charging use case.
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