Abstract
A combined bead milling and enzymatic hydrolysis process was developed for fractionation of the major valuable biomass components, i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The cells were treated by bead milling followed by hydrolysis with different hydrolytic enzymes, including lipase, phospholipase, protease, and cellulase. Without enzymatic hydrolysis, the recovery yield of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins for bead milled biomass was 75%, 31%, and 40%, respectively, while by applying enzymatic treatments these results were improved significantly. The maximum recovery yield for all components was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of bead milled biomass by lipase at 37 °C and pH 7.4 for 24 h, yielding 88% lipids in the solid phase while 74% carbohydrate and 68% protein were separated in the liquid phase. The recovery yield of components after enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass without bead milling was 44% lower than that of the milled biomass.
Highlights
Microalgae have received increasing attention as novel bio-based crops, because of the high productivity of proteins and lipids (’t Lam et al, 2018)
A combined bead milling and enzymatic hydrolysis process was developed for fractionation of the major valuable biomass components, i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
The maximum recovery yield for all components was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of bead milled biomass by lipase at 37 °C and pH 7.4 for 24 h, yielding 88% lipids in the solid phase while 74% carbohydrate and 68% protein were separated in the liquid phase
Summary
Microalgae have received increasing attention as novel bio-based crops, because of the high productivity of proteins and lipids (’t Lam et al, 2018). Sustainability will further increase if all microalgae components are valorized in an optimal way (William and Laurens, 2010). Complete fractionation and valorization of the microalgal biomass can be performed in a multi-product biorefinery concept (Eppink et al, 2019). In a multi-product biorefinery, all major components (lipid, pigments, carbohydrates, and proteins) need to be fractionated instead of focusing on obtaining one specific component. There are three different cell disruption methods to release the intracellular compounds: 1) (bio) chemical cell disruption (enzymes or alkali/ thermal treatment); 2) mechanical cell disruption (bead milling and high-pressure homogenization); 3) physical cell disruption (pulse electric field or ultrasonic treatment) (Günerken et al, 2015; Postma et al, 2015)
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