Abstract
Humic acid (HA) isolated from highly polluted sediment from the Ravenna Lagoon (Italy) was subjected to pyrolysis/tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)-induced thermochemolysis to reveal the impact of industrial activities on humification. Special effort was made to distinguish between analytes originating from the polymeric humic organic matter network along with sequestered compounds (which cannot be released by solvent extraction), and the solvent-extractable lipid fraction sorbed onto the organic matrix. Exhaustive solvent extraction of the isolated HA proved mandatory to avoid biased results when identifying the origin of the pyrolyzates of untreated samples. Conventional pyrolysis at 750 °C of the “degreased” HA revealed a characteristic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pattern, which was significantly different than patterns obtained from the pyrolysis of natural humic acids. TMAH-induced thermochemolysis at 500 °C provided information on carboxylic acids covalently bound inside the HA network via ester bonds. Thermochemolysis of the “degreased” matrix at 750 °C, resulting in the cleavage of C–O and C–C bonds, revealed a significant PAH pattern very similar to that obtained by conventional pyrolysis. The uncommon PAH pattern points to the formation of bound residues as the humification/detoxification pathway. Recalcitrant hopane hydrocarbons showed very similar patterns for both the untreated and exhaustively solvent-extracted samples, which points to hopanes being linked inside the humic network via C–C bonds. The technique of non-discriminating flash pyrolysis used in this study, based on extremely rapid capacitive discharge heating in a Silcosteel capillary, proved to be an excellent method to obtain high-boiling pyrolyzates (PAHs beyond 252 Da molecular weight, C 29–C 31-hopanes).
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