Abstract
Organic semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices, such as polymer solar cells (PSCs) and polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), have attracted considerable attention because of their cost-effective, low-temperature, and solution-based fabrication over a large area; light weight; chemically tunable optoelectronic properties; and mechanical fl exibility. [ 1 , 2 ] Balanced charge injection and transport are a basic requirement for highly effi cient optoelectronic devices. Poor electron injection continues to be a serious problem for realizing highly effi cient PLEDs. Although there have been remarkable advances in conventional PSCs and PLEDs using low-work-function cathodes, such as Ca or Ba, [ 3 , 4 ]
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