Combination of microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oculata in the diet of dogs and its impact on animal health

Six foxtail varieties grown in India were studied for their nutraceutical properties such as phenolics, tannins and antioxidant activity in whole, dehulled (10 and 17 %) and hulls (10 and 17 %) of the grain. Total antioxidant activity was estimated by three different assays viz., Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil radical scavenging activity (DRSA), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Among the six varieties, SiA-2593 had highest mean total phenolics (TP) (143.56 ± 55 μg PE/g), tannins (413.80 ± 58 mg/100 g), FRAP (1477.83 ± 26 μmol/g), DRSA (81.53 ± 6.9 %) and lowest TBARS (688.04 ± 39 %) followed by SiA-2644. Dehulling of the grain reduced TP by 24.64 and 43.11 %, tannins by 16.13 and 29.61 %, FRAP by 12.09 and 18.81 %, DRSA by 4.07 and 14.76 % and increase of TBARS by 45.29 and 58.21 % at 10 and 17 % dehulling. The hulls obtained after dehulling had higher percentage of TP, tannins, antioxidant activity (higher FRAP and DRSA and lower TBARS value), a positive correlation was observed between FRAP and Tannin (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) and TP (r = 0.86, P < 0.01) values and a negative correlation with TBARS (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). The results of the present study are useful in selecting the foxtail millet variety and processing conditions for development of functional and nutraceutical foods for various health benefits, however the functional properties of these varieties need to be studied.

Gingival crevicular fluid and plasma oxidative stress markers and TGM-2 levels in chronic periodontitis

Objective: To determine umbilical cord blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and markers of oxidative stress in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and their associations with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or histological chorioamnionitis (HCA), funisitis and selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity.Materials and methods: One hundred and sixty-five women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM were included in this study. Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from the umbilical cord vein after the delivery of the newborn. The umbilical cord blood concentrations of TAC, FRAP, TBARS and AGEs were measured.Results: The presence of MIAC, HCA and funisitis did not show differences in the umbilical cord blood TAC, FRAP, TBARS and AGEs concentrations. Positive correlations were found between the gestational age at sampling and umbilical cord blood TAC and AGEs concentrations (TAC: rho = 0.26; p = 0.001; AGEs: rho = 0.35; p < 0.0001). There was no association between umbilical cord blood TAC, FRAP, TBARS and AGEs concentrations and selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity.Conclusions: Oxidative stress is associated with PPROM, as indicated by the presence of markers tested in the umbilical cord blood; however, the evaluated oxidative stress markers are not influenced by the presence of MIAC and/or HCA, and funisitis or subsequent development of selected aspects of short-term neonatal morbidity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate follicular development, morphological integrity, and antioxidant potential of preantral ovarian follicles from Bos taurus indicus females grown in vitro with alpha-lipoic acid. Ovaries (n = 24) of Bos taurus indicus (n = 12) females were collected during slaughter and fragmented. A randomly obtained fragment from each pair of ovaries was fixed in Bouin (non-cultivated control; D0). These fragments were intended for classical histology (morphology and evaluation of follicular growth), and a fragment from each pair of ovaries was frozen at -80°C (non-cultivated control; D0), and assigned for analysis of oxidative stress [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)]. The remaining fragments were cultured in vitro for 6 (D6) or 12 (D12) days, containing only minimum essential medium (MEM) or MEM supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid (50, 100, or 250 ng/ml), on an extracellular matrix of agarose gel, in an oven at 38.5ºC. Every 2 days, 100% of the culture medium was replaced. Supplementation with 100 ng/ml was effective for maintaining follicular integrity after 6 days of culture (primordial: 51.28%; development: 36.88%; P < 0.0001). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments compared with the non-cultivated control treatment (D0), using the NBT and TBARS assays. Therefore, supplementation of the in vitro culture medium of bovine preantral ovarian follicles with a concentration of 100 ng/ml of alpha-lipoic acid at 6 days of culture was effective for maintaining follicular integrity and, after 6 days, maintaining stable levels of reactive oxygen species.

Silibinin modulates lipid homeostasis and inhibits nuclear factor kappa B activation in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

This study determined whether organic zinc and selenium supplementation of late lactation dairy cows positively affects immunity, oxidative status, milk quality (especially mineral levels), biochemical and hematologic parameters, and production efficiency. Twenty Jersey cows were divided into three groups: Control (n = 6)-without organic supplementation; Zinc (n = 7)-zinc supplementation (zinc amino acid chelate) and Selenium (n = 7)-selenium supplementation (selenium amino acid complex). The basal diet contained inorganic minerals. Blood and milk samples were collected on days 1, 14 and 28. Serum selenium concentration was higher in the Selenium group, and zinc level in milk was higher in the Zinc group. On day 28, supplementations resulted in higher lymphocyte counts, and lower serum creatine kinase, myeloperoxidase activity, levels of reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and iron. In milk, lower somatic cell count was also observed when cows were zinc or selenium supplemented compared to the control. Lower serum cholinesterase activity and higher heavy chain immunoglobulin concentration were observed on days 14 and 28. Selenium supplementation resulted in a higher immunoglobulin A concentration on days 14 and 28, and lower ceruloplasmin concentration on day 28 compared to Control, as well as a lower haptoglobin concentration on day 28. The Selenium group also had lower milk fat content compared to the Control. Supplementations changed the milk fatty acid profile, producing a higher unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio. There was no effect on lactation persistence. It is concluded that mineral supplementation with selenium and zinc benefits immune, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses. Conversely, milk quality was affected both positively and negatively.

The potential of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) to limit lipid oxidation in nitrite-free unfermented dry pork sausages (droëwors) was investigated. Total phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol and β-carotene content of MLP was quantified. Droëwors with no additives, 0.75 g/100 g MLP or 15 mg/kg vitamin E (VE) oil were processed and sampled after drying (3 days) and during 56 days of storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of droëwors made with MLP were lower until day 10. The effects of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/100 g MLP on TBARS, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and β-carotene content of droëwors were assessed during drying and 7 days of storage. MLP inclusion significantly increased FRAP, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene content. From the end of drying, TBARS of droëwors formulated with MLP were significantly lower compared to droëwors formulated without MLP. Increasing the MLP inclusion level had no significant effect on TBARS. Practical applications The research assesses and demonstrates the potential of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) as a natural additive to inhibit the rate and extent of lipid oxidation in unfermented dry pork sausages (droëwors) with no nitrites/nitrates added. The inclusion of MLP in pork droëwors at levels ranging from 0.5 to 2 g/100 g significantly increased the antioxidant activity (FRAP) and quantity of antioxidant vitamins (α-tocopherol, and β-carotene) in the product. Higher inhibition of lipid oxidation (TBARS) was observed in droëwors with MLP added compared to the positive (vitamin E oil) and negative (no additives) controls. The different MLP inclusion levels used in the study resulted in similar lipid oxidation inhibition. Therefore, the findings show that the application of 0.5 g/100 g MLP is sufficient to decrease lipid oxidation in pork droëwors and could potentially be applied to other types of dry-cured sausages for this purpose.

The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA) has hepatotoxic potential. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is among the causes leading to hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol (RES) on CsA-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats were treated with RES (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 14 days. CsA (25 mg/kg/day; s.c.) was given during the last seven days together with RES. Serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities together with hepatic histopathological examinations were performed. ROS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and glutathione levels as well as superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured in the liver tissue. RES ameliorated histopathological changes and decreased hepatic ROS, TBARS, and AOPP levels significantly. However, antioxidant parameters did not change in CsA-treated rats. Our results indicate that RES treatment may be effective in decreasing CsA-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity.

Gender differences in antioxidant capacity of rat tissues determined by 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate; ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays

Background:Free radical induced damages are thought to be involved in chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in patients who are on hemodialysis (HD) for prolonged periods. Hemodialysis can influence multiple biochemical factors, several of which are useful, although the rest can be harmful and increase the severity of disease.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the HD membrane polysulfone on oxidative stress markers, by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity (TAC), in the blood of HD patients.Patients and Methods:This study was carried out on 31 HD patients and 31 healthy persons, matched for age and sex, as control group. Blood samples were drawn before and after HD from arteriovenous fistulas, and once from the controls. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in blood hemolyzate, Glutathione peroxidase (GpX) of whole blood and TAC of plasma were measured, respectively. Then, we investigated the association between TAC of plasma, measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation level with its related parameters, in HD patients.Results:The SOD, GpX and CAT were decreased after HD (P < 0.05). Also, FRAP was shown to decrease after HD (P < 0.05). However, erythrocyte TBARS levels (μmol/gr of Hb) were increased after HD, in comparison with controls, and before HD (P < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between TBARS and antioxidant indices, such as SOD (r = -0.67, P = 0.001), GpX (r = -0.76, P = 0.001), CAT (r = -0.63, P = 0.001) and FRAP (r = -0.84, P = 0.001). The FRAP was significantly and directly correlated with uric acid (r = +0.62, P = 0.001), SOD (r = +0.72, P = 0.001), GpX (r = +0.87, P = 0.001) and CAT (r = +0.84, P = 0.001).Conclusions:The results of our study proposed that there is a loss or inactivation of antioxidant factors, coupled with increased lipid peroxidation during the procedure of HD, possibly through the dialyzer membrane, with probable consequences on the severity of illness.

Oxime reactivator HI-6 (asoxime, in some sources) is a potent antidote suitable for treatment of intoxication by nerve agents. Despite the fact that HI-6 is considered for practical application in emergency situations, the impact of HI-6 on patients’ bodies has not been established yet. The present experiment was carried out in order to estimate whether HI-6 would be able to trigger or protect from oxidative stress in a BALB/c mice model. HI-6 was applied in doses ranging from 0.2 to 20% of LD50. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione reductase (GR) were assayed in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain of treated animals. It was found that HI-6 does not increase GR or TBARS. On the contrary, TBARS levels in the brain and liver were found to be significantly decreased in HI-6-treated animals. Pertinent antioxidant properties of HI-6 were excluded by the FRAP method. Endogenous antioxidants were unchanged, with the exception of the kidney. Low-molecular-weight antioxidants assayed by the FRAP method were significantly decreased in kidneys of animals treated with HI-6. However, GSH partially recovered the loss of the other low-molecular-weight antioxidants and was significantly increased in the kidney of HI-6-exposed mice. HI-6 potential to produce nephropathy is hypothesized. The achieved conclusions were quite surprising and showed a complex impact of HI-6 on the body.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pig fodder supplementation on lipid oxidation of Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi ) after frozen storage at -20 °C ± 1 °C for nine months. Fodder additives included 3% linseed oil (L1) or 3% linseed oil and antioxidants containing 100 mg vitamin E/kg and 1 mg organic selenium/kg (L2). The oxidation processes were evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and analyses of a profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The VOC were determined using an electronic nose based on ultra-fast gas chromatography. The level of TBARS for diets was 1.88 ± 0.52 to 2.30 ± 1.10 mg malondialdehyde/kg of meat. The results indicated that the diet of pigs from L1 and L2 groups had no impact on the TBARS value of L. dorsi pork frozen for nine months. On the other hand, aldehydes, which are regarded as compounds characteristic of oxidation processes, were identified in all samples. Volatile aldehydes contributed approximately 10%, 12%, and 15% of total detected volatiles for L2, L1, and the control group, respectively. Moreover, the data showed that propanal and benzeneacetaldehyde were at the same level, regardless of the animal’s diet, which is in accordance with the TBARS level. These volatile aldehydes resulted from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and may be considered indicators of lipid oxidation for meat enriched with PUFAs. The results show that supplementation of the pigs’ diet with linseed oil (L1 group), which is a source of PUFAs, is recommended for meat intended for long-term freezing storage. However, supplementation with antioxidants is unnecessary, because it has no effect on lipid oxidation of L. dorsi pork after long-term freezing storage. Keywords : Animal’s diet, frozen storage, lipid oxidation, volatile organic compounds

The increasing demand for sustainable sources of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as DHA and EPA, has driven research into alternative production methods. This review explores the potential of using FBW and by-products as substrates for microalgae cultivation, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to PUFA production. Through a structured narrative and a deep bibliometric analysis, key trends and research hotspots were identified, highlighting the most promising microalgae and thraustochytrids species, including Aurantiochytrium sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Nannochloropsis oculata. These species demonstrated high lipid yields and significant PUFA content when grown on diverse FBW substrates, such as dairy by-products, molasses, and palm oil mill effluent. The review emphasizes the importance of pretreatment processes of recycled nutrients, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, in enhancing nutrient bioavailability and optimizing microalgal growth. Economically, the use of FBW can reduce operating costs with potential increases in return on investment. However, challenges such as the initial setup costs of pretreatment processes and the need for contamination control must be addressed. To assist investors, a decision tree was developed, guiding through critical decision points, from resource assessment to process optimization and economic analysis. This tool supports informed decision-making, ensuring the balance of costs, benefits, and sustainability goals.

Objective: To determine amniotic fluid total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), markers of oxidative stress, in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pPROM) and their correlation to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and/or histological chorioamnionitis (HCA). Methods: One-hundred thirty-eight women with singleton pregnancies complicated by pPROM were included in this study. Amniotic fluid was collected by transabdominal amniocentesis at the time of admission and amniotic fluid concentrations of TAC, FRAP and TBARS were measured. Result: The presence of MIAC and/or HCA did not show any significant differences in the amniotic fluid TAC, FRAP and TBARS concentrations. Positive correlations between gestational age at sampling and amniotic fluid TAC and FRAP concentrations were found (TAC: rho = 0.32; p = 0.0002; FRAP: rho = 0.36; p < 0.0001). A negative correlation between gestation age at sampling and amniotic fluid TBARS concentrations was identified (rho = –0.25; p = 0.004). Conclusions: Oxidative stress is associated with pPROM as indicated by the presence of markers tested in the amniotic fluid; however, oxidative stress markers tested are not influenced by the presence of MIAC or HCA.

The aim of the present study was the assessment of the antioxidant effects of polyphenolic extracts derived from the stems of three Greek grape varieties (Moshomayro, Mavrotragano and Mandilaria) in endothelial (EA.hy926) and muscle (C2C12) cells. We also investigated the effects of the polyphenolic composition on the antioxidant effects of the grape stem extracts. For this purpose, the endothelial and muscle cells were treated with low non-cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts for 24 h in order to assess the effects of the extracts on cellular redox status using oxidative stress biomarkers. The oxidative stress markers were thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (CARB) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) levels. The results revealed that treatment of the EA.hy926 cells with Mandilaria extract significantly decreased the TBARS levels by 14.8% and the CARB levels by 25.9 %, while it increased the GSH levels by 15.8% compared to the controls. Moreover, treatment of the EA.hy926 cells with Mavrotragano extract significantly increased the GSH levels by 20.2%, while it significantly decreased the TBARS and CARB levels by 12.5% and 16.6%, respectively. Treatment of the C2C12 cells with Mandilaria extract significantly decreased the TBARS levels by 47.3 %, the CARB levels by 39.0 % and the ROS levels by 21.8%, while it increased the GSH levels by 22.6% compared to the controls. Moreover, treatment of the C2C12 cells with Mavrotragano significantly decreased the TBARS, CARB and ROS levels by 36.2%, 35.9% and 16.5%, respectively. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledgel, our results demonstrate for the first time that treatment with grape stem extracts at low concentrations improves the redox status of endothelial and muscle cells. Thus, grape stem extracts may be used for developing antioxidant food supplements or biofunctional foods. However, it was also found that the polyphenolic composition of grape stem extracts affects their antioxidant capacity. For example, the results suggested that trans-resveratrol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid and kaempferol may be essential for the antioxidant activity of grape stem extracts.