Colonialism and Decolonization on a World Scale—Three Perspectives

The construction and preliminary validation of a global belief in a just world scale and the exploratory analysis of the multidimensional belief in a just world scale

In a questionnaire study, Russian versions of the General and Personal belief in a just world (BJW) Scales were validated. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Personal BJW Scale could be empirically differentiated from the General BJW Scale; however, both scales correlated positively. Good internal consistencies of both scales were demonstrated. Age was positively correlated with personal BJW but not with general BJW. Gender differences were found neither in personal nor in general BJW. Personal BJW was found to be stronger than general BJW. Convergent validity was tested by inspecting correlations of BJW scales with the Basic World Assumptions Scale. Divergent validity was examined by inspecting correlations with Markers for the Big Five Factor Structure Scale and Justice Sensitivity Scales. Both personal and general BJW showed positive connections with all subscales of the Basic World Assumptions Scale (self-worth, benevolence of world, justice, luck, and control). We demonstrated divergent validity of personal BJW regarding intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity, and divergent validity of general BJW regarding intellect, beneficiary, perpetrator, and observer sensitivity. Both BJW dimensions were unrelated to beneficiary and perpetrator sensitivity. In addition, general BJW was not related to observer sensitivity. Results give evidence for satisfactory psychometric properties and validation of the Russian versions of BJW scales.

The study presents the Italian adaptation of the Personal and General Belief in a Just World (P-BJW and G-BJW) Scales. Dalbert and colleagues developed these scales to capture the belief in a just world for oneself and a just world in general. After the translation and back-translation, the P-BJW and G-BJW scales were administered first to a pilot sample of 213 university students and then to a national sample of 2683 Italian people. Results showed that it was necessary to make some revisions to the predicted two correlated factor structure. These changes entailed correlating the error terms for some manifest variables and removing the first item of the P-BJW factor. The final structure of the P-BJW and G-BJW scales presented satisfactory indexes of model fit as well as high reliability and moderate validity values. Additionally, this structure proved to fit the data better than an alternative one-factor or a bi-factor model with two orthogonal-specific factors. As predicted, well-being strongly predicted scores on the BJW, but age and gender did not. Multigroup comparisons among Northern, Central, and Southern Italy respondents indicated that Italian people interpret scale items equivalently, regardless of their geographical location. Introducing the P-BJW and G-BJW scales to the Italian justice scholarship is very useful to unpack the reasons why Italy reports lower levels of social justice than other European countries and also to investigate the link between justice, well-being, and other socio-psychological variables.

The purpose of the study was to factor analyze responses by 196 students to the ‘Just World Scale’ by Rubin and Peplau. It was hypothesized that the perception of justice as measured by this scale is a unitary trait. For subsamples of 45 subjects of the sample correlations of subjects' scores on this scale and scores on Eysenck Personality Inventory, Stewart Personality Inventory, Machiavellian Scale IV, and Bell's Adjustment Inventory are reported and discussed to gain further insight into the content and essential construct of the Just World Scale. The results confirmed the hypothesis.

Objective To revise belief in a just world scale (BJW) established by Dalbert according with Chinese cultures and examine its reliability and validity. Methods At the base of studying abroad-related questionnaire and preparatory tests, a total 930 undergraduates form The East, The Middle and The West of China participant in this test respectively. Results Through item analysis and explore factor analysis, the revised belief in a just world contained 13 items and 2 subscales which could explain 52.205% of the total variances. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the revised belief in a just world scales had good construct validity. The Cronbach's coefficients of the scales was 0.885, and test-retest reliabilities was 0.884. Conclusion The revised belief in just world scales has fairly high reliability and validity. Key words: Belief in a just world questionnaire; Reliability; Validity

The unequal development of the productive forces was shown by Marx to be a fundamental law of capitalist accumulation; and, in general, it is this law which produces uneven development on a world scale and inequality among countries. While all Marxists agree that the explanation of inequality in levels of development between countries lies in the laws of uneven development,' there is less agreement upon the mechanism by which this uneven development is produced and reproduced on a world scale. One can distinguish two broad approaches, (a) those who explain inequality in levels of development among countries primarily in the sphere of circulation, emphasizing the appropriation of the surplus of one country by another country,2 and (b) those who place the cause of inequality in the sphere of production, and, thus, as a relationship between classes reproduced on a world scale. The purpose of this paper is to critique the former position and to develop further the latter.3 Briefly summarizing our position and the themes we develop: (a) exploitation is a relationship between classes, not between countries, and international transfers of value are understood from this standpoint; (b) inequality among countries is the consequence of class exploitation in backward coun-

100 Million Kalashnikovs: Gendered Power on a World Scale

The study examined the psychometric properties of Dalbert, Montada, and Schmitt's (1987) English version of their 6‐item belief in a just world scale using a sample of 253 Canadian management undergraduates. This study found strong support for the homogeneity of the scale, the independence of the scale from the influence of social desirability, and the concurrent validity of the scale as seen in significant correlations with Rubin and Peplau's (1975) 20‐item just world scale. Cross‐national comparisons show that this Canadian sample scored significantly higher than did the European and Hawaiian samples reported by Dalbert and her colleagues.

In this study, we utilized reliability generalization procedures to examine internal consistency estimates across 3 scales measuring the belief in a just world. The distribution of reliability estimates for the measures suggest low to moderate ranges of internal consistency reliability coefficients. The Global Belief in a Just World Scale (Lipkus, 1991) produced the highest average reliability score (α = .81) compared to the Just World Scale (Rubin & Peplau, 1973; α = .64) and the Just World Scale Revised (Rubin & Peplau, 1975; α = .68).

African diversity from the HLA point of view: influence of genetic drift, geography, linguistics, and natural selection

Sangachal Terminal, located 45km south-west of Baku in Azerbaijan, is one of the world's largest oil and gas terminals. The terminal is a key hub of the ‘World Scale’ undertaking to develop Azerbaijan's Caspian Sea oil and gas resources which includes a number of offshore platforms; marine pipeline network; onshore processing and storage; prior to exporting the sales products through a number of local and international pipelines. The expansion of an initial small terminal facility to support development of the Azeri, Chirag and Gunashli (ACG) oil and gas fields was designed and constructed over a seven year period and faced significant complexities associated with multiple project phases, different owner partnerships and Production Sharing Agreements, international supply chain management, safety and culture of a large multi-national construction workforce, including managing expectations of the project with the end in mind. During the course of the terminal expansion project over 44 million site man-hours have been expended in pouring over 160,000 tonnes of concrete foundations and footings; erecting over 13,000 tonnes of steel for pipe racks and supports; fabricating large crude oil storage tanks; building local equipment rooms and a central control building; pulling over 3000 km of cable, and commissioning six oil and two gas processing trains for ACG. As part of this overall effort, two additional significant projects: Shah Deniz gas processing and export facilities and the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) head pump station were concurrently undertaken and completed at the terminal. The total installed cost of the entire expansion project is approximately USD $2.15 Billion. A considerable component of the success of this overall project is attributed to the standardization of engineering, procurement and construction and adopting a programme approach to project management. The same engineering and construction contractors were utilized throughout the various project phases, delivering continuous improvements in health, safety and environmental (HSE) performance along with productivity and reduced commissioning and start-up durations. This paper provides guidance on how to approach a major infrastructure development programme and how to engage a local workforce and community. The paper summarizes how a multiple phased expansion project can be successfully delivered with schedule and cost benefits, utilizing common processes and a programme approach to project management. The paper demonstrates:How standardization and a programme management approach can deliver significant HSE, cost and schedule benefits.How continuous improvement can be achieved through a rigorous lesson learned regime. This incorporates HSE, quality and engineering topics.How to effectively implement social and community programmes. The intended audience would include project management delivery leaders, engineering managers, and construction managers. The paper offers considerations for embarking on a major international project development programme.

Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline

I have little doubt that the birth of the two great institutions at Bretton Woods will be recorded in history as a notable landmark in human affairs. The progress towards more orderly international relations on a world scale, and towards having institutions particularly adapted to maintaining such relations, will surely proceed, whatever setbacks we may still have to face on the forward journey. At some future time historians will look back to the state of affairs when the world was divided into a number of independent sovereign states as a curious episode. I hasten to add that I do not believe that mankind will move towards having a world sovereign state that in the least resembles the national sovereign states of today. The national sovereign states have taken many different forms, and within a not very long period we have also had the city states and the feudal system which had quite different characteristics. At present we happen to think in terms of a democratically elected legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. I do not believe that this will ever be duplicated on a world scale. It must be remembered that man is flexible and malleable in his ideas, and that these can be adapted to various kinds of social relations and institutions. What the nature of those will be we have not at present the remotest idea. If we did have, we might adopt them right away! Man is inventive; but his powers of invention take time to evolve.

(From the Greek) - a model, a norm, an ideal image, determining the mode and nature of behavior of an individual or a class in society. Creativity in accordance with an ideal, the shaping of natural materials in accordance with an ideal, constitute a specifically human form of life-activity distinguishing it from the activity of animals. As a universal aspect of goal-directed activity, the ideal appears in all spheres of the life of society: social, political, moral, esthetic, etc. The category of the ideal has profound social meaning. Over the centuries, progressive classes have, in the struggle against outdated forms of societal relations, embodied their enthusiasm in the high ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. In our day, the ideal of the laboring masses of the entire world is communism, the building of a communist society, which is being effectuated in the USSR. "Each new step toward the shining peaks of communism," states the CPSU Program, "inspires the laboring masses of all countries, and constitutes vast moral support in the struggle for the liberation of all peoples from social and national oppression, accelerates the triumph of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism on a world scale" (1961, p. 141).

An ecological conceptualization of the uwrld system of cities is proposed based both on an extension of the ecological rationale for a national system of cities and on insights from uorld-system theory and research. The core concepts are divided into five categories: (1) the key function, (2) hierarchy and dominance-the vertical dimension, (3) specialization-the horizontal dimension, (4) interaction, and (5) dynamics. As a test of selected ideas, the dominance of core international financial metropolises over peripheral South American cities is examined; the measure is the international bank headquarters-branch office link. The hypotheses of ecological dominance were confirmed. The core metropolises dominate the peripheral metropolises of South America, and within the core the upper level metropolises exert greater dominance than the lower level metropolises. The national metropolises of South America are the key intermediaries with international metropolises, but the former have few links among themselves. The world system of cities based on finance seems to be organized independently of national or world regional boundaries. The global expansion of multinational corporations since 1950 has created a network of international economic transactions within and between businesses such as industrial firms, banks, commodity firms, and trading companies. Ecologists argue that these intercommunity transactions are controlled and coordinated by organizations which are concentrated in metropolises; therefore, urban ecological inquiry about the system of cities should include the world scale. The system of cities in the United States, however, has been the focus of ecologists; they have neglected the world system of cities (Wilson). The purpose of this paper is to extend the ecological framework for examining the system of cities to the world scale.