Cognizing the vital principle of the organism by interpreting the four Aristotelian causes in a Kantian perspective: an outline

Maynard Keynes called Thomas Robert Malthus, ‘the first of the Cambridge economists’. He provided a brilliant description of Malthus’s approach: Malthus was above all, a great pioneer of the application of a frame of formal thinking to the complex confusion of the world of daily events. Malthus approached the central problems of economic theory by the best of all routes. He began … as a philosopher and moral scientist, … brought up in the Cambridge of Paley, applying the a priori method of the political philosopher. He then immersed himself … in the facts of economic history and of the contemporary world, applying the methods of historical induction and filling his mind with a mass of the material of experience … finally he returned … to the pure theory of the economist proper, and sought … to impose the methods of formal thought on the material presented by events, … to penetrate these events with understanding by a mixture of intuitive selection and formal principle and thus to interpret the problem and propose the remedy

Social Isolation of Older Adults in Long Term Care as a Result of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic

News presentation is the heart of news stations. Newsreaders or casters are trained to present news to heterogeneous audience. Many of television stations use young beautiful female newsreaders to cast their news. The physical appearance of the female newsreader may either attract viewers' attention to the news or not. The appearance of the female newsreader is viewed with different perceptions by millions of various viewing audiences. This study examines viewers' perception of female newsreaders' appearance on television and its influence on news attention. The study was anchored on social perception theory, which explains how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people. In order to determine this, two research approaches were adopted: research assistants rating scale and viewers' rating scale (VRS). The categories studied on female newsreader physical appearance were dress or attire, hairstyle, makeup/facial expression and voice quality. Three cable television stations were viewed. They were the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA); Channels Television and African Independent Television (AIT). The Krejcie Robert and Morgan Daryle sample size of 384 was adopted. However, 382 of the sample size were retrieved. Results showed that female newsreaders' appearance affects viewers' attention to news at the first few minutes of the news. While the female viewers are attracted to the general physical appearance, male viewers are attracted to facial beauty. The import of this is that physical appearance of a female newsreader distracts attention from the news if sexual appealing looks were applied. A moderate appearance was recommended for female newsreader.

This essay argues that the “line” serves as a formal principle through which these film openings map a work’s own formal thinking, extending Tom Conley’s claim that openings establish a geography for spectatorship. Through a close analysis of Robert Bresson’s Diary of a Country Priest (1951), Akira Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood (1957), and Tsai Ming-liang’s Days (2020), it argues that lines—graphic, architectural, and intervallic—anchor structures of framing, duration, and montage where abstraction operates most intensively. The discussion draws from Gilles Deleuze’s cinema books to describe how lines modulate perception, delay action, and generate compositional thought. It further mobilizes Marco Frascari’s notion of drawing as facture to frame Kurosawa’s spatial construction and Irene V. Small’s “organic line” to elucidate Tsai’s seams, thresholds, and adjacencies as topological operations. Taken together, these examples show line as a transmedial method by which cinema composes, reflects, and builds its world.

Although general principles of Islamic law are not accepted as evidence in obtaining rulings, they are considered fundamental principles of jurisprudence in resolving jurisprudential issues, as they demonstrate the basic understanding of such issues. Starting from the second century of the hijri calendar, when the classification and codification of fiqh began, jurists began to include all topics in their books in accordance with fiqh principles. One of the important works demonstrating the application of fiqh principles in zakāt is the work entitled al-Mabsūṭ by Imām Sarahsī (d. 483/1090), one of the later jurists of the Hanafī school in the Bukhara-Samarkand region. In this article, Sarahsī's principles regarding the obligation of zakāt, as found in the section on zakāt in his work Mabsūṭ, have been identified and evaluated. These findings and evaluations prove that the science of fiqh is based on a set of rules and fundamental principles. Throughout his work, Sarahsī has included the general principles and rules of fiqh, either by stating them explicitly or by providing explanations to facilitate their understanding. The fact that the article is based on the subject of zakāt in Mabsūṭ stems from the book’s authoritative position in explaining Hanafī fiqh. Mabsūṭ is a commentary on al-Kāfī, which is a summary of the six works of Imām Muḥammad (d. 189/805) that most reliably convey the views of the founding Imāms of the Hanafī school of thought, also referred to as zāhir al-rivāye. Upon examining the entire work, it will be observed that there are nearly a hundred legal principles of a rule-like nature concerning the obligation of zakāt. Only a portion of these have been included here, based on the length of the article. The fiqh principles and fundamentals mentioned in the article have been examined in accordance with the general flow of the book. Where appropriate, complementary or explanatory principles have been considered together in order to ensure consistency of meaning. This article highlights the importance of the fundamental principles and rules of fiqh, along with the evidence and methods used in the formation of fiqh science. In his work entitled Mabsūṭ, Sarahsī, who extensively explains Hanafī fiqh, structured the issues of zakāt, as he did with all fiqh topics, on the general principles of fiqh, known as the asl. This article attempts to reveal the effectiveness of the principles of jurisprudence, which were later referred to in the literature as universal rules in the formation of jurisprudence, in understanding and applying jurisprudential issues. The article also notes that there are opinions stating that zakāt on gold and silver held for trade purposes should be paid based on their value, like other trade goods, rather than by weight. In line with this view, the thesis has been put forward that when gold and silver are sold as trade goods, it is possible to sell them on credit in exchange for cash other than their own kind.

This study analyzed consumer perception of daily newspapers in Malang Municipality. This research was conducted based on the fact that in the reformation era, there are a lot of newspapers being published in Indonesia, indicating that the competition in this business field is tight. The objective of this research was to find out the perceived relative image of the nespapers in Malang Municipality, in order to establish the position of each newspaper relative to other competitors from the consumer point of view. The research aimed at identifying the most preferred nespaper based on the attributes used in perceiving nespapers. The research was conducted from November 1998 through January 1999. Purposive sampling and non proporsional random sampling were employed to determine the samples. Purposive sampling was employed to determine target population and the choose the consumer groups of the newspaper studied. Non proportional random sampling was employed to take respondents from every group of newspapers. Their were 105 respondents these were subscribers of Jawa Pos, Surya, Kompas, Republika, Malang Pos, Surabaya Pos and Memorandum. Data analysis used the descriptive model and the graphic as well. From the descriptive approach, it was found that in comparing newspapers, most respondent used the following attributes: 1) national news, 2) objectivity of the news, 3) political news, 4) sosiocultural news, 5) economics and business news, 6) international news, 7) regional news, 8) articles and analysis, 9) sports news, 10) physical appearance, and 11) newspaper distribution. The grafic approach used multi-dementional scaling analysis, cluster analysis, and vector analysis. Graphics approach showed that the position of the newspapers in Malang Municipality on the perceptual map is as follows. Jawa Pos is perceived to be simillar with Surya, while Kompas is also perceived to be simillar with Republika. Memorandum is perceived to be different from Jawa Pos, Kompas, Surya, Surabay Pos, Malang Pos, Kompas, Republika, and Bisnis Indonesia. The grouping of newspapers based on consumer perception of the simillarity of newspapers, shows that there are three segments of newspapers, namely: segments I comprising of Jawa Pos, Surya, surabaya Pos, and Malang Pos, segment II comprising of Kompas, Republika and Bisnis Indonesia and segment III comprising of Memorandum. Another result of the research shows that, if viewed from the vector representation, Jawa Pos, Surya, and Surabaya Pos arliked most by consumers especially on the attributes of regional news, distribution as well as national and sports news. Kompas and Republika are preferred by consumers because of their atrributes of physical performance, article and analysis, economic and business news, national news, political news objectivity, international news, socio cultural news as well as sports. Bisnis Indonesia is preferred because of economic and business news, while Malang Pos and Memorandum are preferred because of regional news presented.

Self-concept is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of 'self in relation to any characteristics. It includes past, present and future selves of an individual. The self-concept may include the perception of one's abilities, motives, attitudes, beliefs, and other personality characteristics. The self-concept is composed of relatively permanent self-assessments, such as the perception of one's personality attributes, skills and abilities, motives, attitudes, beliefs, physical attributes and other personality characteristics. A person's self-concept may change with time, possibly if going through a turbulent periods of identity crisis and reassessments. In other words, the term self-concept refers to the ordered set of attitudes and perceptions that an individual holds about him or herself (Wolffe, 2000; Woolfolk, 2001; Tuttel & Tuttel, 2004).In an interesting study by Blomfield and Barber (2009) the relationship between Australian adolescents' participation in extracurricular activities and their self-concepts was investigated. Adolescents who participated in both sports and non-sports also reported a more positive social self-concept and general self-worth, compared to those who only participated in one of the activity types. This research provides support for extracurricular activities, which is considered as an essential part for learning social behaviour is facilitative of positive self-concept, and demonstrates the importance of a mixed participation profile for an adolescent's self-concept. Ybrandt (2008) observed association between positive self-concept and adjustment and for protection against common problem behaviour. A negative self-concept combined with female gender was risk factor for internalized problems. Self-control had only a direct effect on externalizing behaviour for boys. Adolescents of 15, 16 years of age had a stronger relationship between a negative self-concept and externalizing problem behaviour than younger and older adolescents. Internalizing problem behaviours such as anxiety and depression predicted aggressive and delinquent behaviour. These findings highlight the importance of promoting of a positive self-concept in every adolescent in various psychosocial contexts. Chang et al. (2003) revealed that social self-concept was a stronger correlate of life satisfaction for adolescents than for children.Evidence indicates boys having better self-concept as compared to girls (Park, 2003; Al-Zyoudi, 2007) whereas some studies found exactly the reverse (Wang, 1997). Crain (1996) noted that although the previous research in this area has been somewhat contradictory, there has been a consistent stream of findings documenting significant gender differences in domain specific areas of self-concept. Crain (1996) suggested that these differences were most notable in the areas of physical abilities and physical appearance, where boys appear to have higher levels of self-concept. However, the overall conclusion of this review was that the differences in self-concept among boys and girls are slight. The study by Byrne and Shavelson (1987) tested the invariance of a multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept structure for adolescent males and females. In a covariance structure analysis of data from a sample of 832 (412 males, 420 females) grade 11 and 12 students, with multiple measures of general, academic, English, and mathematics self-concept facets, self-concept structure differed for males and females. Although the number of self-concept factors, pattern of factor loadings (except for one), and hierarchical structure were invariant across gender, relations among the factors differed. Kaur et al., (2009) found self-concept to be positively correlated with academic achievement, though statistically not significant. However, a significantly positive relationship of home environment components of protectiveness, conformity, reward, and nurturance with self-concept has been revealed, and thereby author suggested use of rewards and nurturance from parents for positive self-concept development among adolescents. …

A study of the impact of HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) services on students’ knowledge and perception of HIV and AIDS was conducted at the Youth Friendly Centre (YFC), University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. The purpose was to find out whether the students who received HCT services of the YFC have acquired knowledge on causes, mode of transmission, and prevention of HIV and AIDS, as well as gained improved perception about the infection. A sample of 840 students who had received HCT services at the YFC were randomly selected from four faculties housed in the Town and Annex Campuses of UNIUYO using disproportional random sampling technique. The instrument title “Knowledge and Perception of HIV and AIDS Questionnaire (KPKHIVAIDQ)” was used for data collection. The instrument was validated and pre-tested for reliability using test-retest approach. A reliability coefficient of .82 was obtained after analysis. The instrument was administered on 840 respondents and all were completed, returned and used for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used for data analysis. The results showed that the students are knowledgeable on causes and modes of transmission of HIV and AIDS. They are not adequately knowledgeable on the preventive measures of HIV and AIDS as they still believed that HIV and AIDS could be prevented through prayers. Still, a little less than one-half of them disagreed on sexual abstinence as means of preventing of HIV and AIDS. The students have different perception of HIV and AIDS as some still believed that they can tell that a person has HIV and AIDS by merely looking at the person’s physical appearance. And that there is no need to take HIV and AIDS test if one is not at risk. The YFC of UNIUYO should intensify enlightenment campaigns and education on HIV and AIDS among the students.

People perception toward their physical appearance or also known as body image has already been a great issue for long, especially in women. This issue appears whenever everyone finds the discrepancies between the real body and the ideal body image. The ideal body image is influenced strongly by the mass media at that moment. Nowadays, the ideal physical appearance for women based on media’s opinion is skinny body. If a woman finds her body doesn’t meet the ideal figure, then the body dissatisfaction will appear. Body dissatisfaction is related directly to lower body image satisfaction. Lower body image satisfaction (measured by MBSRQ) without any treatment will lead to eating disorder soon. Thus, it becomes urgent to treat women with body dissatisfaction to prevent those pathological areas. Treatment for women with body dissatisfaction is aimed to increase their body image satisfaction. The core of this treatment is to reconstruct the irrational thoughts of these women related to their body image. This treatment will use the approach of art therapy and will be given to five participants. All participants are women. Unlike the other approaches of therapy, art therapy doesn’t use too much verbal words as the main technique. Art therapy uses the art or creativity as the media to express the thoughts or feelings of clients. The results of this research show that the approach of art therapy is success in increasing the body image satisfaction in women with body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the success of this intervention is varying between one participant and another. The personality factor is used to enrich the discussion of the result and also to analyze the difference of success quality in five participants. Keywords : body image dissatisfaction, art therapy, women

794 Reviews subsequent rhetorical questions imply. Within film studies, that debate has moved beyond such simplistic dichotomies. Perhaps unsurprisingly, adaptations are often presented as secondary texts and film's autonomy is denied. Harris condemns adaptations that are 'solipsistic and self-perpetuating' (p. 51), as if they ought to relinquish self-identity and instead be altruistic, determined by and subservient to another (Austen's source). Wallace conflates novel with adaptation, claiming that Amanda Root's performance seems 'essentially at odds' (p. 132) with Austen's Persuasion?yet Root is not in Austen's Persuasion, but in Dear's Persuasion. This volume offers some inventive, sensitive, and refreshing views on particular films,but adaptation and screen theorists will find little here to advance their under? standing of their subjects. The readers who will really enjoy it are those who share the presumptions and predilections of the contributors. University of Kent Sarah Cardwell Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory. By Paul Hamilton. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 2003. viii +316pp. $25; ?17.50. ISBNo226 -31480-4. 'Metaromanticism' is Paul Hamilton's coinage. It refers to the philosophical selfreflection that occurs in the works of Romantic poets and novelists. Hamilton's contention is that Romantic literary writers are profoundly and self-critically philo? sophical; they think through the possibilities and limits of Romantic ideas and prac? tices no less surely than do the Romantic philosophers. One might put Hamilton's claim in Foucauldian terms. Romantic philosophy is most explicitly manifest in Kant and the German Idealists (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel). But many Romantic writers form their literary works within the discourse of Ro? mantic philosophy. Romantic discourse defines sets of terms, concepts, explanatory principles, authorities, and procedures of authorization. This discourse organizes not only the philosophizingof Fichte, but the narrating of Walter Scott. Indeed, Roman? tic discourse extends even to our own day, encompassing some ofthe most influential recent writings. However, Hamilton does not put his claims in Foucauldian terms. Indeed, he does not put his claims in terms of any particular theory. Rather than adopting a theoretical position, Hamilton writes in 'Standard Theoretical English'. Over the past several decades, a number of theorists have been canonized?Derrida, Foucault, Lacan, and others. They have different principles and vocabularies. Current professional dis? course in the humanities is built from these principles and vocabularies. But that discourse does not lead to a synthetic theory. It leads, rather,to a local invocation of principles, a local use of vocabularies. There is no issue of developing the principles into systematic, explanatory accounts or adhering to a consistent vocabulary. Consider, for example, the sentence (chosen more or less at random) 'Blake's sym? bolic logic is performative, enjoining a collaborative readership' (p. 20) or the sur? rounding references to 'inauthenticforeclosures', 'concretiz[ing]', 'materialism', 'the noumenal'. In a single paragraph, Hamilton alludes to formalized inference proce? dures, speech-act theory, queer theory, reader-response criticism, Heidegger, Laca? nian theory of psychosis, Phenomenology, Marxism, Kantianism. The paragraph also includes references to the Frankfurt School, Deconstruction, and even cognitive sci? ence. Other paragraphs are no different. There is, in my view, a problem with this professionalized approach to 'theoretically informed' criticism. First, it is not theoretical. The unqualified mixing of concepts MLR, 100.3, 2005 795 from incompatible systems stifles theory, for it disallows integration and revision of general explanatory principles. Second, this practice undermines the interpretative employment of theories. There is a commonplace that critics should use theories as 'tools'. This utilitarian view is advocated because it putatively improves interpreta? tion. But that makes no sense, even in terms ofthe metaphor itself(good interpretative principles=tools drawn from a range of toolboxes). If one has to do woodworking, then one should have woodworking tools?not a plumbing tool, a soldering tool, and a fork. The adoption of Standard Theoretical English is the point where, in my view, the work of many mainstream critics, including Hamilton, becomes problematic. Owing to their theoretical diffuseness, Hamilton's analyses rarely develop into compelling interpretations. Consider, forexample, his treatment of Jane Austen. He wishes to set up an allegorical link between Conservatism and the flirtfigure in Lady Susan. To discuss this, he refers to Moi, Sartre, Wittgenstein...

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between adolescents' global self-esteem and domain-specific self-concepts in Taiwan. Using Chinese Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (CRSES) and Chinese Self-Description Questionnaire-II (CSDQ-II), 591 participants from the junior and senior high schools in Taiwan reported their perceptions of global self-esteem and self-concept. Correlation, multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to the data. The major findings were as follows: (a) the correlation coefficients among the factors of CSDQ-II and the CRSES were statistically significant; (b) 6 specific domains of self- concept (i.e., math/school, verbal, physical appearance, emotion, parent relations and peer relations) made a significant contribution to predict adolescents' global self-esteem; (c) gender and age differences had an impact on adolescents' perception to domain-specific self-concepts; (d) a significant two-way interaction between grade and gender was found on the factor of peer relationships.

Testing of User satisfaction has to study what are the things which are contributing for user satisfaction. Assessment of User satisfaction is the most important and recognized library outcomes measurement. Physical appearance and ambience of library facilities is also important part of assessment. In other way, assessments are the user’s collective experience of service quality measure. It is nothing but the gaps between their expectations of good service and also their perceptions of the way service delivered to many users. We have to find out this gap. To overcome this gap we have to measure service quality by quantitative analysis. Service quality studies provide sufficient insight into what users emphasis on individual opinions and their perception about library resources. So that to reduce the gap takes steps to improve service. Repeating service quality assessments very important to analyze whether steps taken to improve service have been successful. If there are small very gaps between user perceptions and library service delivery we can say that it will serve the purpose of assessment. Keywords: usability, User satisfaction, service quality. Cite this Article Swati Mate. Tools to Study Service Quality and User Satisfaction Level for Law Databases: A Basic Outline for Future Research. Journal of Advancements in Library Sciences. 2019; 6(Special Issue 1): 265s–267s.

The article proposes to use a generally functionalist approach to create the basis of the conceptual model of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). AGI is a field of scientific-theoretical and engineering-technological research, focused on the construction and use of computer simulations, models and reproductions of cognitive phenomena of the widest range of life, mental, personal and social manifestations. The methodological basis of AGI is general computer functionalism as a contemporary interpretation of the psychophysiological theory of machine functionalism of H. Putnam of the 1960s. There are collective, conceptual and observant approaches to the formation of general functionalism. A collective approach is the collection, identification, coordination, formalization, systematization, unification, codification of all kinds of functionalist theories. A conceptual approach is the analysis and identification of the main functionalistic characteristics, relationships, patterns, causalities that are invariant with respect to the content of cognitive phenomena. The observation approach allows to evaluate from the position of a person or a social community, immersed in the communicative “waves” of the virtual and real world, the different statuses of technological realizations of general functionalism: ontological, epistemological, logical, linguistic, axiological, aesthetic, ethical and praxeological features of projects of artificial life, artificial consciousness (brain), artificial personality, artificial society. As a basic personal phenomenon, which is defined by a system of functional relations, we take not the pain phenomenon familiar to functionalism but the more productive phenomenon of need. It has an advantage due to the breadth of the scale of phenomenological evidence, epistemological adequacy, ontological foundation. Based on functionalist modeling of need, the so-called “artificial need” arises, which can form the basis for the development of AGI. The author of the article offers one of the options for formalizing needs within the framework of an artificial system based on the general functionalist principle of formalizing cognitive phenomena. The principles of formalization proposed by D. Levin and T.W. Polger, who developed the approach of H. Putnam, are used. The author concludes that the application of this methodology leads us to understanding of an observer in the system of functional relations and considers the AGI as a complexity system.

Present generation is anxious about lifestyle disorders and ways to lead a healthy wellbeing. Modern science emphasizes the role of genetic factors in physical appearance, mental characteristics and disease formation of individuals. Human genome studies reveal that most of the diseases have a genetic component.  Genetic mutations occur either randomly or by the influence of an environmental factor.   Genetic disorders may or may not be hereditary. WHO data illustrate, the congenital anomalies are the reason for 17%–43% of infant mortality. Even though physical structure, appearance and behavior of every individual is different, there are some common traits transferred from parents to offspring which is explained in terms of genetics. If a parent's genetic configuration is vulnerable to some diseases, their children and grandchildren are more susceptible to such illness.  In Ayurveda the concept of genetics is spread all over the samhitas especially in shaareerasthaana in a hidden form. Ancient ayurvedic scholars had the idea that the genetic materials are transmitted from generation to generation. The expression of these can be understood with regard to prakriti. An individual’s unique physical characteristics and psychic behaviors (phenotype) depends on the prakriti(genotype).  Genetics emerged in the mid to late 19th Century. But centuries before itself, ancient Ayurvedic literature documented the union of sukra and shonita(sperm and ovum), concept of beeja, beejabhaga and beejabhagavayava, inheritance, congenital anomalies, and genetic disorders.Ayurveda also gave importance to personalized or individualized concepts of understanding and treating diseases. Ayurvedic concepts like garbhasambhavasamagri (factors necessary for formation of garbha) and garbhotpadaka bhava (six procreating factors), dinacharya, ritucharya, sadvritha, dharaneeya, adharaneeyavega, ritumaticharya, &garbhinicharya assures the regulation of gene sequencing and gene expression and thus can-do wonders to the challenging issues. Ayurvedic science not only gives importance to anatomical, physiological and pathological aspects of genetics but also emphasizes the measures to prevent it. The genetics in Ayurveda is hence given much importance as the occurrences of genetic disorders are increasing day by day. So here an attempt is made to understand the concepts which was explained in ancient Ayurvedic books from the perspective of modern genetics

Decolonial<i>Movidas</i>: María Lugones's Notion of Decolonial Aesthesis through Cosmologies