Cognitive Psychophysiological Substrates of Affective Temperaments.

Tempéraments affectifs dans les troubles bipolaires et unipolaires : comparaison des profils tempéramentaux et relation avec les caractéristiques cliniques

Levels of Depression and Anxiety, Sexual Functions, and Affective Temperaments in Women With Lifelong Vaginismus and Their Male Partners

Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether individual and composite scores of affective temperaments can differentiate high-risk suicide groups among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to compare their discriminative accuracy.Methods A retrospective review included 343 patients with MDD. Affective temperaments were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire, while the Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale was used to classify the high-risk suicide group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis assessed the discriminative performance of five individual and three composite scores of affective temperaments, with area under the curve (AUC). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine whether depressive temperament and composite scores independently predicted suicide risk.Results Depressive temperament demonstrated the highest discriminative accuracy among individual scores (AUC=0.754). All composite scores also showed good accuracy (AUC range=0.729–0.739). The results indicated that depressive temperament and three composite scores demonstrated good accuracy, with no significant differences between them. Additionally, irritable (AUC=0.660) and cyclothymic (AUC=0.650) temperaments exhibited sufficient accuracy. Logistic regression analysis indicated that only depressive temperament was a significant independent predictor of suicide risk.Conclusion Depressive temperament and composite scores demonstrated good discriminative accuracy for identifying high-risk suicide groups in MDD. These findings highlight the importance of assessing affective temperaments as stable traits for evaluating and predicting suicide risk. Future longitudinal, multi-center studies are needed to further explore the role of affective temperaments in predicting suicide risk among patients with MDD.

Background: A number of psychopathological and neurobiological studies on affective temperament have been conducted based on the assumption that temperament is a stable trait. However, few studies have actually assessed the long-term stability of affective temperament. The objective of this study is to evaluate the 6-year stability of affective temperaments as measured by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego – Autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) in a non-clinical adult population. Sampling and Methods: Study participants consisted of 178 Japanese white-collar workers (103 males and 75 females; mean age = 38.5 years, SD = 7.8) who completed the Japanese version of TEMPS-A twice over a 6-year interval, and who did not have either past or current DSM-IV affective, anxiety or psychotic disorders, as diagnosed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The long-term stability of affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A was assessed by analyzing Pearson correlation coefficients for temperament scores over a 6-year period. Results: Temperament scores were moderately to highly correlated over the 6-year period (depressive temperament, r = 0.59; cyclothymic temperament, r = 0.68; hyperthymic temperament, r = 0.82; irritable temperament, r = 0.66; anxious temperament, r = 0.74; p < 0.01 for all values). Pearson coefficients were in the range of 0.61–0.83 for males and 0.51–0.79 for females, while they were 0.56–0.85 for younger and 0.63–0.77 for older participants. All correlations were significant at p < 0.01, irrespective of temperament type, gender and age. Conclusions: Affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A exhibited good long-term stability and were robust, irrespective of temperament type, gender and age. Affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A may be considered to be stable traits, providing a sound basis for psychopathological and neurobiological studies. Limitations of this study include the fact that our sample was not drawn from the general community, it was entirely composed of Japanese participants and the size was not large.

Background: Affective temperament may strongly influence psychopathological characteristics in mood disorders such as clinical course of major or minor affective episodes, predominant polarity, clinical symptoms, long term clinical course, suicidality, and response/adherence to medication.Objective: The objective of this work is evaluate the association between affective temperament and clinical characteristics in bipolar disorder (BD) patients.Method: 88 euthymic bipolar patients were evaluated through Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impressions Scale for use in bipolar illness (CGI-BP), and TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. Identification, sociodemographic data, and clinical information as age on disease onset, number of manic episodes, number of depressive episodes, polarity of first affective episode, and history of suicidal attempts, if any, from each patient were collected.Results: Our results founded that high scores in cyclothymic, irritable, depressive and anxious temperaments were associated with at least one suicide attempt. Higher scores of anxious temperament were associated with depressive polarity in the first episode of the disease as well as higher amount of manic episodes. Higher scores of hyperthymic temperament were associated with manic polarity in the first episode of the disease. Higher scores of depressive temperament were associated with higher scores in total HAM-D and specifically with higher scores in items 1 and 2 of HAM-D, i.e., depressive mood and guilt. No correlation was found between temperament and intensity of subsyndromal manic symptoms.Conclusion: We concluded that affective temperaments in BD are associated with history of suicide attempts, seem to influence polarity of first episode and that depressive temperament seems to relate to more intense subsyndromal depressive symptoms, especially depressive mood and guilt.

Internalizing problems are characterized by anxiety, depressed mood, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Childhood internalizing problems are a concerning mental health issue due to their continuity into adolescence and associated functional impairment. This study focused on studying the relation between affective temperaments and internalizing problems, in a sample of adolescents in the community. There has been very little research in mental health problems in children and adolescents in Kosovo.The aim of this study was to identify the link between affective temperaments with youth psychopathology, by measuring both temperament with Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS) and youth psychopathology with Youth Self Report (YSR) in the Kosovo sample. Our study found that depressive, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritiative temperaments were more displayed in female respondents. Meanwhile, hyperthermic temperament was not found to be reported as interrelated to gender.However, gender related differences were significant on the YSR scales, with female respondents reporting higher values on those scales. The study found that there is a significant difference between the groups with normal scores on Depressive Temperament with group with high scores for all scales of Internalizing problems. More scores in Depressive Temperament more scores in Internalizing Scales.The same tendencies were found for Cyclothimic Temperament and Anxious temperament. Hyperthermic temperament was not found to have significant effect on Anxious/ Depressed, Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, and Social Problem. Irritative temperament was found to have significant effect only in Anxious/ Depressed F (2) = 13.1, p&lt;.01, η2= .03.The higher scores in Anxious/ Depressed scores were found in the group with high scores in Irritative Temperament. The study concluded that temperament may only be one of several factors contributing to the development of psychopathology. This study found that the temperament, which is influenced by environment and biology, is a significant predictor for internalizing problems.

BackgroundAffective temperaments (anxious, depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and hyperthymic) measure subclinical manifestations of major mood disorders. Furthermore, cumulating evidence suggests their involvement in somatic disorders as well. We aimed to assess associations between affective temperament scores and blood pressure and arterial stiffness parameters in hypertensive patients.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 173 patients with well-controlled or grade 1 chronic hypertension, with no history of depression, completed the TEMPS-A, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) questionnaires in three GP practices. Arterial stiffness was measured with tonometry (PulsePen).ResultsAccording to multiple linear regression analysis, cyclothymic temperament score was positively associated with brachial systolic blood pressure independently of age, sex, total cholesterol, brachial diastolic blood pressure, BDI, HAM-A and the use of alprazolam (β = 0.529, p = 0.042), while hyperthymic temperament score was negatively related to augmentation index independent of age, sex, smoking, heart rate, BDI, HAM-A and the use of alprazolam (β = -0.612, p = 0.013). A significant interaction was found between cyclothymic temperament score and sex in predicting brachial systolic blood pressure (p = 0.025), between irritable and anxious temperament scores and sex in predicting pulse wave velocity (p = 0.021, p = 0.023, respectively) and an interaction with borderline significance between hyperthymic temperament score and sex in predicting augmentation index (p = 0.052).ConclusionsThe present findings highlight elevated blood pressure among subjects with high cyclothymic temperament as well as an increased level of arterial stiffening in subjects with low hyperthymic scores suggesting that affective temperaments may play a role in the development of hypertension and arterial stiffening and may thus represent markers of cardiovascular risk. Sex differences were also present in these associations.

Predictive value of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as biomarkers of affective temperaments in healthy young adults

Affective temperaments across the bipolar–unipolar spectrum: Examination of the TEMPS-A in 927 patients and controls

IntroductionAffective temperament is associated with various clinical characteristics in patients with mood disorders. However, little is known about clinical characteristics based on affective temperament specifically in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD).ObjectivesThis study aims to explore the impact of affective temperament on both the traits and states of individuals diagnosed with MDD.MethodsThis study consecutively recruited 247 outpatients, aged 18 to 49, presenting for their initial visit to a mood disorder clinic. Affective temperament was assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire. A Z-score of 1 or higher on each affective temperament was defined as a dominant affective temperament. The patients completed various assessments, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Hypomania Checklist-32, Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure, and Depressive Symptom Index - Suicidality Subscale. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the impact of affective temperament on both psychiatric states and trait characteristics.ResultsThis study comprised 247 patients with a mean age of 29.34 ± 9.16, of whom 152 (61.5%) were female. Depressive (β = 0.247, p &lt; 0.001) and irritable temperament (β = 0.138, p = 0.032) were positively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms, while hyperthymic temperament (β = -0.123, p = 0.041) showed a negative association. Furthermore, depressive (β = 0.246, p &lt; 0.001), irritable (β = 0.195, p = 0.002) and cyclothymic temperament (β = 0.148, p = 0.018) were positively associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms. Cyclothymic (β = 0.211, p = 0.001) and anxious temperament (β = 0.136, p = 0.027) were positively correlated with seasonality. Hyperthymic temperament showed a positive correlation with harmful drinking patterns (β = 0.179, p = 0.006). Also, hyperthymic (β = 0.200, p = 0.002) and cyclothymic temperament (β = 0.140, p = 0.036) were positively correlated with hypomanic features. Cyclothymic (β = 0.255, p &lt; 0.001) and anxious temperament (β = 0.173, p = 0.004) were positively correlated with hypersensitivity to interpersonal rejection. Depressive temperament (β = 0.184, p = 0.004) was positively associated with the severity of suicidality.ConclusionsAmong patients with MDD, variations in psychiatric states and traits were observed based on the dominant affective temperaments. This suggests a correlation between affective temperaments and diverse psychopathological manifestations. Consequently, there appears to be a need for further research to elucidate the therapeutic implications associated with affective temperaments.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Actualmente es imperante contar con indicadores que posibiliten realizar una detección temprana y correcta del trastorno bipolar en general, y del tipo II, en particular. Los temperamentos afectivos constituyen estilos de reactividad emocional temporalmente estables a lo largo del ciclo vital, con una importante base biológica. Dada la escasez de investigaciones al respecto, se exploraron posibles asociaciones entre la edad de inicio de 32 pacientes eutímicos con diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar tipo II y los temperamentos afectivos ciclotímico, depresivo, irritable, ansioso e hipertímico. Los participantes presentaron una edad media de 51,5 años (rango intercuartil 8) y el 65,6% de la muestra estuvo constituida por hombres. Se encontró una correlación inversa elevada y significativa, entre la edad de inicio del trastorno bipolar y el temperamento depresivo. Entre los temperamentos ciclotímico, irritable y ansioso, las correlaciones fueron significativas pero moderadas e inversas. El temperamento hipertímico no mostró una asociación significativa con la edad de inicio. Al implementar análisis de regresión lineal multivariados, no se encontraron modelos satisfactorios. Evaluar los temperamentos afectivos de manera sistemática, en individuos vulnerables a presentar un trastorno afectivo, debiera ser incorporado al conjunto de técnicas de evaluación habituales.

The aims of this study were to determine the dominant affective temperament changes in stroke survivors and whether temperament affects the disability. A total of 63 stroke patients were included in this study. Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire was used to determine the dominant affective temperament (depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic, irritable or anxious). The disability level was measured with the Barthel index (BI). Depressive temperament (17.5%) and anxious temperament (12.7%) were the most common dominant affective temperaments. The frequencies of irritable, cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments were 4.8, 3.2 and 0%, respectively. The mean BI score was 78.1 ± 18.3 in patients with depressive temperament and 67.4 ± 28.4 in patients without depressive temperament (p = 0.403). The mean BI score was 78.1 ± 15.3 in patients with anxious temperament and 68.0 ± 28.3 in patients without anxious temperament (p = 0.541). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that BI score was not associated with affective temperament changes. The results of the current study suggest that depressive and anxious temperaments are the most common affective temperaments and that there appears to be no association between disability level and dominant affective temperament in stroke survivors.

Aim: There are many studies on the mood disorders that occur during pregnancy, but no studies that question how affective temperaments, which are the antecedents of the mood disorders, are influenced by pregnancy. This study aims to examine the affective temperaments in women without any psychiatric diagnoses during the pregnancy period.Method: The study included 100 pregnant women at the third trimester of their pregnancy (pregnant group) and 75 non-pregnant women (control group). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis-I Disorders (SCID-I) was used for the evaluation of psychiatric disorders; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) was used for the evaluation of affective temperaments.Results: The cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores of the pregnant women were significantly lower than that of the non-pregnant women (p < 0.05). Pregnancy predicted lower scores of cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments. Younger age and lower levels of education were predictors of higher cyclothymic, anxious and depressive temperament scores. Younger age also predicted higher irritable temperament scores.Conclusion: The third trimester of pregnancy is associated with significantly lower affective temperament. Future studies may help to understand the biological background of the present findings.

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of the study was to understand the relationship between affective temperaments and insomnia symptoms and to examine mood state as a mediator in this relationship. Participants: The sample consisted of 659 adults (428 women and 231 men), aged 18–77 years old, derived from a nonclinical population. Methods: Affective temperaments were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Mood was measured using the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL). Insomnia was evaluated by the Athens Insomnia Scale. Results: We found positive correlations among anxious, cyclothymic, depressive, and irritable affective temperaments and insomnia symptoms. Negative correlation with insomnia symptoms was found for hyperthymic temperament. Energetic arousal and tense arousal, as mood dimensions, positively correlated with insomnia symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that anxious, cyclothymic, and hyperthymic temperaments were significant predictors of insomnia symptoms. Mediation analyses indicated that anxious, cyclothymic, and hyperthymic temperaments affected insomnia symptoms, both directly and indirectly, through energetic arousal as a mediator. Conclusions: The results showed a relationship between affective temperaments and insomnia symptoms and included the role of energetic arousal, a mood state dimension, as a mediator.

Associations of event-related brain potentials and Alzheimer’s disease severity: A longitudinal study