Coda: Recalibrating

Background: Most publicly available genomes of Salmonella enterica are from human disease in the US and the UK, or from domesticated animals in the US. Methods: Here we describe a historical collection of 10,000 strains isolated between 1891-2010 in 73 different countries. They encompass a broad range of sources, ranging from rivers through reptiles to the diversity of all S. enterica isolated on the island of Ireland between 2000 and 2005. Genomic DNA was isolated, and sequenced by Illumina short read sequencing. Results: The short reads are publicly available in the Short Reads Archive. They were also uploaded to EnteroBase, which assembled and annotated draft genomes. 9769 draft genomes which passed quality control were genotyped with multiple levels of multilocus sequence typing, and used to predict serovars. Genomes were assigned to hierarchical clusters on the basis of numbers of pair-wise allelic differences in core genes, which were mapped to genetic Lineages within phylogenetic trees. Conclusions: The University of Warwick/University College Cork (UoWUCC) project greatly extends the geographic sources, dates and core genomic diversity of publicly available S. enterica genomes. We illustrate these features by an overview of core genomic Lineages within 33,000 publicly available Salmonella genomes whose strains were isolated before 2011. We also present detailed examinations of HC400, HC900 and HC2000 hierarchical clusters within exemplar Lineages, including serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Mbandaka. These analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of multiple serovars while showing that discrete clusters with geographical specificity can be reliably recognized by hierarchical clustering approaches. The results also demonstrate that the genomes sequenced here provide an important counterbalance to the sampling bias which is so dominant in current genomic sequencing.

Background: Most publicly available genomes of Salmonella enterica are from human disease in the US and the UK, or from domesticated animals in the US. Methods: Here we describe a historical collection of 10,000 strains isolated between 1891-2010 in 73 different countries. They encompass a broad range of sources, ranging from rivers through reptiles to the diversity of all S. enterica isolated on the island of Ireland between 2000 and 2005. Genomic DNA was isolated, and sequenced by Illumina short read sequencing. Results: The short reads are publicly available in the Short Reads Archive. They were also uploaded to EnteroBase, which assembled and annotated draft genomes. 9769 draft genomes which passed quality control were genotyped with multiple levels of multilocus sequence typing, and used to predict serovars. Genomes were assigned to hierarchical clusters on the basis of numbers of pair-wise allelic differences in core genes, which were mapped to genetic Lineages within phylogenetic trees. Conclusions: The University of Warwick/University College Cork (UoWUCC) project greatly extends the geographic sources, dates and core genomic diversity of publicly available S. enterica genomes. We illustrate these features by an overview of core genomic Lineages within 33,000 publicly available Salmonella genomes whose strains were isolated before 2011. We also present detailed examinations of HC400, HC900 and HC2000 hierarchical clusters within exemplar Lineages, including serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Mbandaka. These analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of multiple serovars while showing that discrete clusters with geographical specificity can be reliably recognized by hierarchical clustering approaches. The results also demonstrate that the genomes sequenced here provide an important counterbalance to the sampling bias which is so dominant in current genomic sequencing.

Background: Most publicly available genomes of Salmonella enterica are from human disease in the US and the UK, or from domesticated animals in the US. Methods: Here we describe a historical collection of 10,000 strains isolated between 1891-2010 in 73 different countries. They encompass a broad range of sources, ranging from rivers through reptiles to the diversity of all S. enterica isolated on the island of Ireland between 2000 and 2005. Genomic DNA was isolated, and sequenced by Illumina short read sequencing. Results: The short reads are publicly available in the Short Reads Archive. They were also uploaded to EnteroBase, which assembled and annotated draft genomes. 9769 draft genomes which passed quality control were genotyped with multiple levels of multilocus sequence typing, and used to predict serovars. Genomes were assigned to hierarchical clusters on the basis of numbers of pair-wise allelic differences in core genes, which were mapped to genetic Lineages within phylogenetic trees. Conclusions: The University of Warwick/University College Cork (UoWUCC) project greatly extends the geographic sources, dates and core genomic diversity of publicly available S. enterica genomes. We illustrate these features by an overview of core genomic Lineages within 33,000 publicly available Salmonella genomes whose strains were isolated before 2011. We also present detailed examinations of HC400, HC900 and HC2000 hierarchical clusters within exemplar Lineages, including serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Mbandaka. These analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of multiple serovars while showing that discrete clusters with geographical specificity can be reliably recognized by hierarchical clustering approaches. The results also demonstrate that the genomes sequenced here provide an important counterbalance to the sampling bias which is so dominant in current genomic sequencing.

Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969–2019: From Sunningdale to St Andrews, John Coakley and Jennifer Todd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 624 pages. ‘This is about principled compromise, not compromised principles’ (John Hume) What is commonly referred to as the Northern Ireland problem has a triple aspect. It comprises the relationship between the unionist and nationalist communities within the North, the relationship between the unionist minority and the nationalist majority on the island of Ireland and the relationships between the institutionalised political entities and communities in Ireland and those on the mainland of the United Kingdom. Each of these links has the capacity to affect the others and, in the past, has often done so in a negative way. Of the three sets of connections, there is little doubt that the most important one, the prime cause, the dynamic which impacts most strongly for better or worse on the other two, is the interaction between the two traditions within Northern Ireland; there the problem is most acute, there the seeds of a resolution must be sought as a priority. Yes, the totality of relations is basic, yes, all aspects of the interlocking difficulties must be tackled together, but without some grounds for positive developments in the North, the other relationships are likely to remain fraught. To say this is not new, it is description rather than analysis; was it Hugh Munro who said years ago, ‘If Northern Ireland worked, there would be no need for Northern Ireland’? The present workmanlike and thorough study is presented by two academic researchers with a proven track record in the Department of Politics at UCD and within the Institute for British–Irish Studies. John Coakley is now Professor at Queen’s University Belfast and Jennifer Todd is Professor Emerita at UCD. This volume will undoubtedly become a standard work of reference for future students of the Troubles. It is not a short read. It includes a selection of basic documents, 25 in all; a 12-page bibliography with over 250 other books and studies listed; and at its core, edited extracts from witness seminars and interviews with some of the politicians (9) and senior civil servants (18), from Dublin, London and Northern Ireland, who participated in the discussions and negotiations over the period. This is only one part of the story; a conscious decision was taken not to focus specifically Studies • volume 109 • number 434 217 Review Articles on relations between the more militant parties and the governments. The central section is divided into five chapters dealing in chronological order with Sunningdale, the 1985 Agreement, the Downing Street Declaration and Framework Documents, negotiation of the Good Friday Agreement and, finally, the partial implementation of that agreement. The book is handsomely produced; the understated jacket image, showing the subtle differences and similarities of le Brocquy’s 1973 Cuchulainn I tapestry complements its major themes nicely. Given its format, I would have welcomed a more detailed and substantial discussion of the scope, value and limitations of oral history. The subject is fashionable, and it is already being debated with specific reference to Northern Ireland in the case of the Boston tapes. It is dealt with in summary fashion on pages 25–26 of the introduction, where the issues, inter alia, of reliability, selection bias and gender imbalance in relation to this study are treated competently, but in broad outline only. The wide range of topics and the large number of participants (65 in the first tranche of interviews and 88 in the second, with more taking part in 6 witness seminars) provide reasonable guarantees but the ‘view from within’, combined with the ever-present temptations towards arcana imperii, require an extra-critical approach which should be fully explained. The use of language At the risk of appearing curmudgeonly, I would also question an over-casual use of language. I admit that the modern usage of ‘differential’as an adjective annoys me; but the words ‘republican’ and, especially, ‘peace’ present more basic problems in relation to Northern Ireland. Republican: it may now be too late to reverse the almost universal practice of commentators and politicians in Ireland, North and South, and in Britain of using...

En tant qu’espace culturellement et historiquement important en Irlande qui occupe une place centrale dans la représentation de l’irlandicité et la masculinité, le pub irlandais soutient un idéal masculin hétéronormatif propre à ce pays. S’appuyant sur les films A Man of No Importance (1994) et Garage (2007) comme études de cas, le présent essai examine une tendance observée dans le cinéma allosexuel irlandais récent, qui consiste à implanter l’allosexualité dans le pub afin de défier les normes sociales dominantes. Ces deux films mettent en avant des personnages masculins allosexuels dont les combats sociaux et sexuels ont lieu dans un pub. Je soutiens la thèse selon laquelle ces deux films exposent les façons dont le pub encode les relations allosexuelles, même s’il agit au sein du système sexe/genre en vue de maintenir un ordre patriarcal et un privilège hétérosexuel. Les tensions entre l’appartenance et l’aliénation qui émergent de ces films placent les personnages allosexuels dans un état de liminalité, tiraillés entre des discours culturels divergents entourant la tradition et la modernité, le local et le global.

Reviewed by: Robin McKinley: Girl Reader, Woman Writer Judy Rosenbaum (bio) Robin McKinley: Girl Reader, Woman Writer. By Evelyn M. Perry. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2011. Because of Robin McKinley’s depiction of strong heroines, her status as a Newbery Medal winner, and her role in the development of the contemporary novelized fairy tale, she merits a book-length study, and Evelyn Perry and Scarecrow Press have provided a valuable one. This detailed examination discusses McKinley’s settings and narrative structure, as well as her use of strong female protagonists in fantasy stories. The fact that at this point Perry’s book seems to be the only full-length work devoted to McKinley gives it extra value. The study is full of McKinley’s personality and those of her creations. Because Perry’s straightforward method of examining the stories is to provide a comprehensive analytical summary of each work, the characters of Harry (Angharad) Crewe, Aerin, Catriona, Rosie, and both incarnations of Beauty are revealed in all their unique, active splendor. Perry also provides information about McKinley’s influences, including her peripatetic childhood as part of a naval family, which resulted in her establishing long-term friendships with story characters more often than with people; the tales she devoured as a child; and authors active today, including her husband and occasional literary collaborator, Peter Dickinson. Perry is thorough in her treatment of both McKinley’s short-story collections and her full-length novels. Perry’s lucid presentation [End Page 353] enables readers to get a full picture of McKinley’s writings for themselves, and it also points them to a deeper exploration of the actual works. Perry admirably elaborates on McKinley’s beliefs and stances rather than superimposing a framework based on her own theses. Most fundamentally, McKinley has gone on record, notably in her Newbery acceptance speech, regarding her intent to portray active heroines. Perry provides many concrete illustrations of how McKinley accomplishes this goal. She deals with other issues as well, such as McKinley’s take on postcolonialism (chiefly in The Blue Sword; McKinley states on her Web site that the inspiration for this novel is Kipling’s story “The Man Who Would Be King”—which starred male protagonists, of course). Plainly, Perry is sympathetic to McKinley’s belief in a central role for girls and women, as her wording shows again and again. But she allows McKinley and her characters to speak for themselves. Generally speaking, women authors who love adventure stories take one of two paths. Some, such as Rosemary Sutcliff, use settings, often in earlier historical eras, that are completely male dominated, and they self-identify with a male protagonist time after time. It seems that they feel they can only transcend the perceived limitations of womanhood in such milieus by taking on the persona of a boy or a man. So intense is their adoption of the male viewpoint that they might not feature any main female characters in their books at all. Rather, their stories typically involve a military or political milieu that’s as exclusionary as the proverbial “No Girls Allowed” secret clubhouse. Sutcliff is a peerless writer, and her multitudes of devoted female fans, including me, have no problem identifying with her heroes. But it’s nice to not always have to assume the mindset of the opposite sex when one reads a thrilling tale. Authors such as Robin McKinley understand the need for “girl readers” to identify with a female adventurer. These writers create exciting stories starring a girl or a young woman. As Perry shows, McKinley, who “considered books among her greatest and most constant friends” (xiii), grew up loving adventure stories, principally those by Kipling and Tolkien (as McKinley herself says in the FAQ section of her Web site, <www.robinmckinley.com>). Those two men wrote with a lot of vitality, but depicted few women. McKinley set out to create tales in that exciting vein, but she put girls or young women at the center of the action. Interestingly, both McKinley and Rosemary Sutcliff have cited Kipling as a key influence and inspiration. Even McKinley’s more traditional heroines have a nontraditional aspect. Her first book, Beauty (1978...

The influence of sex-role stereotypes on memory was investigated. High-school students read a short story about a protagonist named either Linda or David. Results indicated that when the sex of the protagonist was the same as their own, the students answered significantly more questions about the story correctly than in the cross-sex conditions. A qualitative analysis of the kinds of errors and inferences made revealed that female subjects tended to rely on sex-role stereotypes when answering factual questions about a male protagonist, and male subjects tended to rely on sex-role stereotypes when answering inference questions about a female protagonist. These results provide partial support for the notion that individuals are more predisposed to view members of the opposite sex stereotypically and are more likely to alter their memories in accordance with these stereotypes than they are when answering questions about members of their same sex.

<i>Irish Cosmopolitanism: Location and Dislocation in James Joyce, Elizabeth Bowen, and Samuel Beckett</i> by Nels Pearson

Following the Vietnam War, the white male in America was defeated and humiliated, having undergone severe trauma of paternal loss and with this the loss of the entire patriarchal value system symbolized by the father. The soldier, defeated and lost, finds that he is no longer surrounded by his brothers in arms. Rather he is alone with his pain and isolation, filled with violence and unable to communicate with his families or with members of the opposite sex. He becomes shrouded in silence. After the trauma itself, he discovers that the real captivity is in fact at home, he cannot go on living as a normal “human being”. When the warrior chooses to remain in his old home (America) he becomes that same “taxi driver”, a fatherless, friendless, violent man, unable to form intimate relationships: not with men and certainly not with women. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the defeated white male began to sacrifice his body to the shopping channel and pornography. He surrenders happily to madness such as that of Tyler Durden in “Fight Club”. This article focuses on the male protagonists of the post-Vietnam films “Apocalypse Now”, “The Deer Hunter”, and “Taxi Driver” and of the later film “Fight Club”. These post-traumatic characters represent total splitting; two personalities existing within the same person and conducting themselves in totally separate dimensions: the conscious and the unconscious, father and son, the hunter and hunted, the captor and the captive, the male and the female, nature and metropolis, the self and “the other”, the familiar and the strange, the fake expression and the true mask. The central characteristic of this bipolar dialogue, this article suggests, is silence: words fall upon deaf ears and only blood can speak out loud.