Abstract
Research has demonstrated the potential importance of transformational leadership and perceived effectiveness of sport coaches for athlete development. Further, coach/athlete gender and athlete sport experience may influence athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s effectiveness. Researchers to date have not investigated the potential impact of coach/athlete gender and athlete sport experience on athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s transformational leadership, or replicated the findings of Kavussanu et. al. (2008). Thus, this research explored the coaching efficacy model and transformational leadership theory as were the guiding frameworks. Male (n = 150) and female (n = 147) athletes from team (football [n = 49], hockey [n = 53], rugby [n = 51]) and individual (badminton [n = 50], swimming [n = 45], gymnastics [n = 49]) sports completed the coaching effectiveness scale and the differentiated transformational leadership inventory. Multiple regression analyses revealed (a) athlete sport experience did not predict athletes’ perceptions of coach effectiveness or transformational leadership, (b) female athletes perceived their coaches to be more effective on all dimensions of coach effectiveness and higher on all dimensions of transformational leadership than male athletes, and (c) coaches were perceived more effective in motivation effectiveness and higher on all dimensions of transformational leadership when they were of the opposite gender to athletes than when gender matched between coach and athlete. In conclusion, coach and athlete gender may have important implications for athletes’ perceptions of transformational leadership and coach effectiveness in team and individual sports.
Highlights
Perceptions of coaching effectiveness are important in determining the quality and success of athletes involved in sport
Sport coaching is important as it is the centre for the process of learning and development
The Transformational leadership theory has proven to guide the theory for the research investigating coaching in sport (Arthur et al, 2011), as well as it shows relevant to examines athletes’ perception in sport coaches to strengthens the leader-follower relationship and stimulates athletes in enhancing learning
Summary
Perceptions of coaching effectiveness are important in determining the quality and success of athletes involved in sport. Granting to the coaching efficacy model (Feltz et al, 1999), coaching effectiveness influences various coaches, player, and team factors. According to Myers, Feltz, Maier, Wolfe, and Reckase (2006) athletes’ evaluated their coach’s effectiveness through coaching efficacy scale: instructional technique, motivation, game strategy, and character building. This model framework represents a belief of overall coaching ability and has been conceptualised as total coaching effectiveness. Coaching effectiveness proposed to be multidimensional, consisting of motivation, game strategy, technique, and character-building (Mohd Kassim & Boardley, 2018). Researchers have assessed athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s effectiveness based on the four dimensions of the coaching efficacy model. Kavussanu et al (2008) found years of experience had negatively predicted athletes’ perceptions of their coach’s effectiveness
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