Abstract
Abstract The archaeology practised in Japan, which sometimes puzzles Western observers with its highly‐advanced technical expertise and apparent absence of social science theory, is a product of several parallel and often conflicting, but interacting traditions. These include a broadly‐based antiquarianism that can be traced as far back as the seventeenth century, the interest in prehistoric research as a natural history of mankind that began in the nineteenth century, and the equally long tradition of archaeology as a historical and humanistic discipline. The sociopolitical climate, which repeatedly oscillated between pro‐Western liberalism and repressive nationalism, has fostered the involution of Japanese archaeology since the 1940s.
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