Co-removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and nitrate using a palladized biofilm: Denitrification-promoted microbial mineralization following catalytic dechlorination

Abstract

The effects of nitrate on 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) dechlorination and biodegradation in a hydrogen (H2)-based palladized membrane biofilm reactor (Pd-MBfR) were studied. The Pd-MBfR was created by synthesizing palladium nanoparticle (Pd0NPs) that spontaneously associated with the biofilm to form a Pd0-biofilm. Without input of nitrate, the Pd-MBfR had rapid and stable catalytic hydrodechlorination: 93% of the 100-μM influent 2,4-DCP was continuously converted to phenol, part of which was then fermented via acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Introduction of nitrate enabled phenol mineralization via denitrification with only a minor decrease in catalytic hydrodechlorination. Phenol-degrading bacteria capable of nitrate respiration were enriched in the Pd0-biofilm, which was dominated by the heterotrophic genera Thauera and Azospira. Because the heterotrophic denitrifiers had greater yields than autotrophic denitrifiers, phenol was a more favorable electron donor than H2 for denitrification. This feature facilitated phenol mineralization and ameliorated denitrification inhibition of catalytic dechlorination through competition for H2. Increased nitrite loading eventually led to deterioration of the dechlorination flux and selectivity toward phenol. This study documents simultaneous removal of 2,4-DCP and nitrate in the Pd-MBfR and interactions between the two reductions.