Co-opetition between giants: Collaboration with competitors for technological innovation

This article presents a spiral process model of indigenous technological innovation capabilities (ITICs) that shows how firms in a developing country initiate, imitate, improve and make innovative technologies. Any technological innovation passes through four stages: (1) technological innovation (TI), (2) transfer of technology (imitation), (3) adaptive technological innovation (improvement), and finally (4) indigenous technological innovation (local innovation). This paper reviews models and frameworks related to technological innovation capabilities (TICs) which are proposed in the context of developing countries. It then analyzes the Late-Starter, Samsung Electronics as a case in point to illustrate how Korean firms have built their ITICs. The model shows four developmental stages at Samsung Electronics as: (a) Entrance of foreign companies into the Korean market and their refusal to transfer their technologies to Samsung initiating its ITICs, (b) Samsung started TICs by means of reversing the engineering of imported foreign technologies and transfer of technology, (c) it improved TI by means of adaptive technological innovation strategy and finally (4) the capability to establish their own ITICs, to become one of the leading companies in the world which challenges firms from advanced countries in the global market. The paper also highlights the developmental changes in the semiconductor (DRAM technology) of Korea. Keeping past experiences in consideration, we conclude that this model provides useful implications for newly industrializing countries (NICs) following the same pattern of technological development.

MPEG LA, LLC offers a joint patent license for the AVC (a/k/a H.264) Standard (ISO/IEC IS 14496-10:2004). Like MPEG LA's other licenses, the AVC Patent Portfolio License is offered for the convenience of the marketplace as an alternative enabling users to access essential intellectual property owned by many patent holders under a single license rather than negotiating licenses with each of them individually. The AVC Patent Portfolio License includes essential patents owned by DAEWOO Electronics Corporation; Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI); France Telecom, societe anonyme; Fujitsu Limited; Hitachi, Ltd.; Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.; LG Electronics Inc.; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.; Microsoft Corporation; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Robert Bosch GmbH; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sedna Patent Services, LLC; Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha; Siemens AG; Sony Corporation; The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York; Toshiba Corporation; UB Video Inc.; and Victor Company of Japan, Limited. Another is expected also to join as of August 1, 2006. MPEG LA's objective is to provide worldwide access to as much AVC essential intellectual property as possible for the benefit of AVC users. Therefore, any party that believes it has essential patents is welcome to submit them for evaluation of their essentiality and inclusion in the License if found essential.

This research aims to produce a map of the industrial value chain at PT. Electronic City Indonesia Tbk uses the industrial value chain analysis model. Researchers use the case study method, an empirical investigation method that examines a recent case or phenomenon in depth and reality, especially when the boundary between wonder and context is unclear. The subject of this research is PT. Electronic City Indonesia Tbk. The results of the research yield information on a list of companies engaged in the Indonesian electronics retail industry, a list of companies as product suppliers for the Indonesian retail sector where they are part of the product manufacturer and assembler industry (PT. Sony Electronics Indonesia, PT. Samsung Electronics Indonesia, PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia, PT. LG Electronics Indonesia, and others) and a list of companies that are suppliers to the product assembly industry in Indonesia located outside Indonesia (Samsung Electronic, Sharp Corporation, LG Group, and Sony Corporation and others). The value chain of the e-commerce industry conducted by PT Electronic City Indonesia Tbk is relatively simple because it only has links with producers/suppliers and end consumers. There are four actors in the value chain of the retail electronics industry: component or raw material supplier companies, manufacturing companies, retail electronics companies, and end consumers. PT. Electronic City Indonesia Tbk has no products produced under its brand and does not carry out a value-added process. This can be a threat if manufacturers or suppliers experience production problems because it will hinder product sales in the retail electronics industry.

MPEG LA, LLC offers a joint patent license for the AVC (a/k/a H.264) Standard (ISO/IEC IS 14496-10:2004). Like MPEG LA's other licenses, the AVC Patent Portfolio License is offered for the convenience of the marketplace as an alternative enabling users to access essential intellectual property owned by many patent holders under a single license rather than negotiating licenses with each of them individually. The AVC Patent Portfolio License includes essential patents owned by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI); France Telecom, societe anonyme; Fujitsu Limited; Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.; LG Electronics Inc.; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.; Microsoft Corporation; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Robert Bosch GmbH; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sedna Patent Services, LLC; Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha; Siemens AG; Sony Corporation; The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York; Toshiba Corporation; and Victor Company of Japan, Limited. MPEG LA's objective is to provide worldwide access to as much AVC essential intellectual property as possible for the benefit of AVC users. Therefore, any party that believes it has essential patents is welcome to submit them for evaluation of their essentiality and inclusion in the License if found essential.

MPEG LA, LLC recently announced terms of a joint patent license for the AVC (a/k/a H.264) Standard (ISO/IEC IS 14496-10: Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 10: Advanced Video Coding|ITU-T Rec. H.264: Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems: Infrastructure of audiovisual services -- Coding of moving video: Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services). Like MPEG LA’s other licenses, the AVC Patent Portfolio License is offered for the convenience of the marketplace as an alternative enabling users to access essential intellectual property owned by many patent holders under a single license rather than negotiating licenses with each of them individually. The AVC Patent Portfolio License includes essential patents owned by Columbia Innovations Enterprises; Electronics and Communications Research Institute (ETRI); France Télécom, société anonyme; Fujitsu Limited; Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.; Microsoft Corporation; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Robert Bosch GmbH; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha; Sony Corporation; Toshiba Corporation; and Victor Company of Japan, Limited. MPEG LA’s objective is to provide worldwide access to as much AVC essential intellectual property as possible for the benefit of AVC users. Therefore, any party that believes it has essential patents is welcome to submit them for evaluation of their essentiality and inclusion in the License if found essential.

Exploring the mechanism of technology standardization and innovation using the solidification theory of binary eutectic alloy

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop research frameworks for two types of green supply chains based on Fisher's seminal work. In spite of Fisher's contribution to the literature, his study has rarely been extended into green supply chain contexts, except in a few conceptual arguments. The current study explores how Fisher's perspective of efficient versus responsive supply chains can be a stepping stone to the development of two green supply chains: eco‐efficient and eco‐responsive supply chains.Design/methodology/approachToward the above end, a case methodology is employed (Yin). Two Korean global companies, Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO) and Samsung Electronics (SEC), are selected to explore eco‐efficient and eco‐responsive supply chains. POSCO (steel products) is selected to enable the understanding of how efficient and eco‐efficient supply chains work. SEC (mobile phone products) is chosen to understand responsive and eco‐responsive supply chains.FindingsThe findings suggest that POSCO tends to stress process technology innovation as a means to address green pressures, while SEC accentuates the green product strategy; while an eco‐efficient supply chain focuses on keeping to an environmental standard across the supply chains, an eco‐responsive supply chain centers on the collaboration of suppliers and distributors in greening the supply chain; and SEC takes more initiatives to educate and encourage consumers to engage in recycling activities than POSCO does.Originality/valueFew studies have examined the green supply chain using the perspective of Fisher's framework (efficient vs responsive supply chains). By addressing the timely topic, this study fills a research gap in green supply chain literature.

The article is aimed at studying the activities of branches of foreign corporations on the territory of Ukraine on the example of Samsung Electronics Ukraine Company LLC and determining the prospects for its further development in the domestic market. During the study, the essence and main characteristics of transnational corporations (TNCs) and the process of transnationalization are considered. The approaches of various authors, scientists and scholars to the interpretation of the concept of «transnational corporation» are examined. The special features of TNCs that distinguish them from ordinary companies are specified. The history of creation and development of the well-known technology corporation Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is studied. In the course of the study the rating of the most profitable companies in the world according to the «net revenue» indicator was analyzed and the place of Samsung Electronics Corporation therein was specified. The Samsung Electronics’ place in the global market of electronics, technology and telecommunications is determined. The rating of the leading most popular brands of mobile phones in both the world and the domestic markets is considered and the position of the Samsung brand in the rating is identified. Thus, the company’s competitors in Ukraine and the world are defined. The scale of activity of Samsung Electronics Corporation branch in Ukraine is analyzed. The dynamics of indicators of «net income» and «cost of sold products (goods, works, services)» of Samsung Electronics Ukraine Company over recent years are analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the indicators of «gross profit» and «net financial result (profit)» of the company over recent years is researched. Through the analysis of the dynamics of financial results, a comprehensive assessment of the activities of Samsung Electronics Ukraine Company LLC is provided. The problems of functioning of branches of foreign corporations on the territory of Ukraine are disclosed and prospects of development of their branches are determined (example of Samsung Electronics Ukraine Company LLC). The conclusions are drawn on the importance of the branch of the foreign corporation Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd for the Ukrainian market of technology, electronics and telecommunications in particular and the national economy in general.

This study combines a social history of business corporations with art history, taking as its principal case study the relationship between Samsung Electronics and Nam June Paik’s 1988 video artwork “Dada ikseon.” The study shows that Samsung strengthened its hold over the electronics industry by employing a PR strategy that enabled Samsung Electronics to emerge as an industrial frontrunner in the 1980s. To this end, in 1984 Samsung Electronics formed a strategic partnership with video artist Nam June Paik. The study discusses how the strategic relationship between these two parties developed when the Korean government requested an artwork for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. A core argument is that this moment provided Paik with an opportunity to fully utilize Samsung Electronics’ technical resources, while Samsung, in turn, made use of his reputation as an opportunity to show its transformation into a company with cutting-edge technology. This study finally shows the ways in which Samsung Electronics’ engineering technologies were absorbed into “Dada ikseon” through this strategic relationship, resulting in an artwork that was as much an outcome of Samsung’s engineering prowess as it was of Paik’s artistic abilities.

This study analyzes the limitations of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization) Multiple from the perspective of the going concern principle. A new Adjusted EBITDA Multiple that complements the limitations of the EBITDA Multiple is generated and applied to real-world cases for comparison. EBITDA Multiple is used to assess if the target company is undervalued or overvalued; adjusted EBITDA Multiple is used to determine the time taken to recover the total acquisition cost of a company in an M&A transaction. Samsung Electronics, South Korea’s leading tech firm, is used as a case study to analyze financial information between 2017 and 2021. The result varied with the M&A decisions. Investment decisions in M&A are made considering the assets (debt + capital) to be assumed with the acquisition and additional investment costs for the target’s sustainable management. We propose a new valuation method for recovering M&A investment costs, considering the long-term sustainable growth of the acquired company.

Development of new advanced manufacturing technology for the aerospace industry is critical to enhance the manufacture and assembly of aerospace products. This article presents, verifies and validates a cost–benefit forecasting framework for the initial stages of advanced manufacturing technology development. The framework improves the decision-making process of which potential advanced manufacturing technologies to select and develop from concept to full-scale demonstration. Cost is the first element and is capable of forecasting the advanced manufacturing technology development effort in person-hours and cost of hardware using two parametric cost models. Benefit is the second element and forecasts the advanced manufacturing technology tangible and intangible performance. The proposed framework plots these quantified cost–benefit parameters to present development value advice for a diverse range of advanced manufacturing technologies. A detailed case study evaluating a total of 23 novel aerospace advanced manufacturing technologies verifies the capability and high accuracy of the framework within a large aerospace manufacturing organisation. Further validation is provided by quantifying the responses from 10 advanced manufacturing technology development experts, after utilising the methodology within an industrial setting. The case study demonstrates that quantifying the cost-benefit parameters provides the ability to select advanced manufacturing technologies that generate the best value to a business.

This book is concerned with how the pursuit of national economic competitiveness by states has come to be intertwined with a globalised gender agenda—one in which women and the household economy are seen as ‘untapped’ resources. In many East and Southeast Asian economies, competitiveness and the dangers of the middle-income trap dominate economic policy agendas: states’ commitments to gender equality goals are frequently framed around ‘business case’ logics in which women’s empowerment and women’s increased engagement in the productive economy is linked to the national economic project of building and enhancing competitiveness. This book looks to the case of Malaysia in order to assess how the increasingly dominant view that gender equality is ‘smart economics’ plays out in practice. Drawing upon extensive case study research and interview data, the book hones in on the complex gender politics that are at work within government initiatives that seek to enhance competitiveness via increasing women’s labour force participation, efforts to strengthen marriage and family life, and attempts to boost women’s entrepreneurialism and status within the corporate world. Providing an account of the gender politics at work within ongoing processes of state transformation in Asia, this book will appeal to researchers and students in gender studies, Southeast Asian studies, International Political Economy and public policy.

The following paper is a case study analysis of the Sony Corporation; a leading transnational media corporation in the production and sale of consumer electronics, music and film entertainment and videogame technology. There are two main parts to this study. Part I, examines the history and development of the Sony Corporation. This paper argues that the business strategies and corporate culture of a company are often a direct reflection of the person (or persons) who were responsible for developing the organization and its business mission. Part II. examines the Sony Corporation from the standpoint of business strategy. Special attention is given to the subject of organizational culture and strategic decision‐making. A second argument of this paper is that while Sony is a transnational media corporation, the organization is decidedly Japanese in its business values. The significance of this research lies in its revelations concerning the complex changes facing a company that was once historically Japanese in its origins but is tecoming increasingly transnational ïn scope and operations.

With the improvement of social production efficiency and the enhancement of the supply chain system, the traditional linear supply chain model is gradually evolving into a more complex and dynamic industrial chain network. This article uses complex network theory combined with the basic attributes of the industrial chain and supply chain to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the integrated circuit industry chain. Firstly, a cooperative network model of the integrated circuit industry chain in Shaanxi Province is established based on the supply chain relationships of enterprises. Secondly, the study analyzes the basic characteristics of the collaborative network model. Thirdly, this study explores the efficiency, resilience, and innovation capacity of industrial chains using a novel set of indexes: the industry chain efficiency index (ICEI), the industry chain resilience index (ICRI), and the industry chain innovation capability index (ICICI). By employing principal component analysis (PCA), the study provides a comprehensive evaluation of industrial chain performance. The findings reveal that the ICEI highlights the critical importance of average path length and network density, showing that shorter paths and higher density are associated with greater efficiency. The ICRI emphasizes the roles of average degree and standard deviation, indicating that higher connectivity and lower variability contribute to resilience. The ICICI identifies the clustering coefficient and network density as key factors, suggesting that tight-knit networks foster innovation. These results offer significant insights into the dynamics of industrial chain collaboration and provide practical recommendations for enhancing supply chain management. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study. The results of the case study indicate the following: (1) Key Enterprises’ Identification: The analysis identified key enterprises like Samsung Semiconductor and HT-tech with the highest betweenness centrality, highlighting their crucial intermediary roles within the network; (2) Efficiency and Innovation Assessment: Compared with foreign-owned and other immigrant businesses, local businesses generally perform below average in terms of efficiency and resilience, indicating that there is room for improvement in technology adoption and innovation capabilities.

Nanomaterials represent a frontier of scientific exploration and technological innovation, offering tremendous potential for diverse applications across various fields. In this chapter, we focus on different types of nanomaterials, including carbon-based, metal-based, semiconductor, and polymeric nanomaterials, each with unique properties and functionalities. We also explored various synthesis techniques such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Sol-gel process, and self-assembly techniques, along with characterization methods like microscopy techniques, spectroscopy techniques, and thermal analysis. These methods enable precise control and understanding of nanomaterials' properties at the nanoscale. Moving forward, we discussed properties and measurements including surface chemistry, structural properties, electrical and optical properties, mechanical properties, and thermal properties, highlighting the importance of characterizing nanomaterials for their intended applications. Through this comprehensive chapter, we aim to provide insights into the exciting field of nanomaterials, their synthesis, characterization, and potential applications, driving toward the development of advanced technologies and materials for the future.