Cómo contribuir a la orientación profesional desde la asignatura en educación secundaria

After a short introduction that describes the author’s interest in educational and vocational guidance, this paper reports on the psychological and pedagogical contributions to the analysis of the phenomenon. The limits of the above approaches are then analyzed and the need for the monitoring of the students’ cognitive, relational and affective spheres is explained. The last section of the paper focuses on monitoring of vocational and educational guidance, and offers a proposal to hit this target. In the author’s opinion, the analysis of the guidance processes, its further control and the planning of new actions can only be obtained with the joint adoption of the action research strategies, of the use of the ICT, and of a special Information System. As a consequence of the above hypothesis, Informing Science appears as the transdiscipline that can play a relevant role in educational and vocational guidance.

Background and ObjectivesCareers guidance for young people is regarded as important for supporting positive labour market outcomes. In particular, by helping young people to develop their career management competencies and their roles as learners and workers, careers guidance can help reduce the number of young people who fall outside of the education, training or employment system and from becoming ‘NEETS’. While the practice of career guidance implicitly reflects a commitment to social equality, there are concerns that the provision of career services may not be taken up by those with the greatest need. Previous research suggests that higher achieving pupils are more likely to receive careers guidance interventions (Anderson et al. 2004), while learners from under-privileged and ethnic minority backgrounds may have relatively limited access to educational, vocational and employment information (Liu and Middleton; 1995; Brown et al. 1991; Watson and Stead, 1990). This paper examines these issues in the context of the provision of careers advice to school pupils in Wales.
 MethodsData from the Welsh National Pupil Database is combined with client information held by Careers Wales to examine the incidence and nature of careers guidance received by children and how their characteristics effect the likelihood of receivingcareers-related services. Logistic regression is used to identify factors associated with the likelihood of receiving careers advice within schools.
 FindingsThe findings reveal that students receive more careers information, advice and guidance when they are in Year 10. Generally, careers interventions within schools are more likely to be accessed by those students with the greatest need.
 ConclusionsSteps take to enhance educational and career opportunities of pupils in Welsh schools are effective, as students who have the most need for such interventions are receiving the services.

The authors identify and discuss the main themes from the discourse on the internationalization of educational and vocational guidance at the 2004 Symposium on International Perspectives on Career Development, cosponsored by the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance and the National Career Development Association. Participants from 46 countries discussed international perspectives on and comparative features of educational and vocational guidance. They concentrated on issues of designing and adapting models, methods, and materials for career education and counseling. Three additional themes revolved around the importance of public policy initiatives, training enough practitioners to meet the growing international need for career services, and the promise of information technology for expanding the delivery of educational and vocational guidance and for supporting career counselors. Globalization of the world's economies is causing diverse cultures to become more alike through trade, immigration, and the exchange of information and ideas. It is also changing the way the world works. Today, individuals around the world are experiencing a transformation in forms of work, the social organization of occupations, and the personal experience of careers (Herr, Cramer, & Niles, 2004). This break with past practices in the work world has been accelerated by rapid advances in information technology and the emergence of knowledge societies. In response, educational and vocational guidance practices in many countries are changing to better assist the world's workers adapt to their new situations. As occupational roles have become more alike in different countries, guidance practices in these countries have also become more similar. This growing similarity among guidance practices in many countries has made it possible to envision the internationalization of educational and vocational guidance. This international perspective may be evolving, in part, because more counselors are receiving their training abroad and more counselor educators are attending international conferences and studying abroad. Through the exchange of information and ideas in international journals, Web sites, and national conferences with international participants, the internationalization of guidance even touches counselors who choose to stay at home. Internationalization of guidance denotes the process of designing career interventions and services so that they can be adapted for local use in various languages, regions, and cultures. Internationalized applications of guidance interventions should be easily adapted to the customs and languages of users around the world. The localization of these practices, of course, requires the addition of local components, data, and sensitivities. The internationalization of guidance differs from cross-cultural and multicultural approaches to guidance. A cross-cultural approach examines how cultural differences in developmental, social, and educational experiences affect both individual vocational behavior and career guidance practices. A multicultural approach seeks to transform guidance so that it critiques and addresses holistically current shortcomings, failings, and discriminatory practices in career services while advancing social justice and equity. We view cross-cultural guidance as comparing features between countries and multicultural guidance as comparing features within countries among diverse groups. In comparison, internationalization of guidance deals with the process of globalocalization, which means importing general knowledge about work, workers, and careers and then adapting it to the local language, customs, and caring practices of each country (Savickas, 2003). To promote the internationalization of guidance, the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance and the National Career Development Association cosponsored the 2004 symposium on International Perspectives on Career Development. …

BackgroundTzu Chi University in Taiwan offers a unique mentoring program. This program differs from others as it comprises triple mentorship, namely, faculty mentors, Tzu Cheng/Yi De (TC/YD; senior volunteers), and school counselors. This study aimed to survey the role functions of the mentors from the perspective of medical students.MethodsThe Role Functions of the Mentoring Program Scale (RFMPS) was developed on the basis of literature reviews and focus groups and it underwent exploratory factor analysis for internal consistency and reliability. RFMPS comprises four role functions, namely, mental, educational, career, and humanistic/moral guidance counseling. The survey was distributed to 171 medical students via an online network with two-month intervals and was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.ResultsThe overall response rate was 64% (116/171). The mean scores of the four role functions in descending order belonged to faculty mentors, TC/YD, and school counselors. For humanistic/moral guidance, students had an equal preference for the faculty mentors and TC/YD over school counselors. As for educational, career, and mental guidance counseling, students preferred faculty mentors over TC/YD and school counselors. Faculty mentors provided students with the required guidance counseling for all the four role functions, especially educational guidance; TC/YD in particular offered prominent humanistic/moral guidance and career counseling; school counselors were less preferred but guided students in need.ConclusionsMedical students value different role functions provided by faculty mentors, TC/YD, and school counselors. A diversified focus could be provided by the faculty mentors, particularly in educational, career, mental, and humanistic/moral counseling; TC/YD specialized in humanistic/moral guidance; and the school counselors carried out their role function only when needed. Humanistic/moral guidance is equally preferred to other types of guidance, which can be equally valuable in future mentoring programs.

Problem setting. Nowadays the content of secondary education in Ukraine does not take into account individual characteristics of the students and it is not focused on the formation of creative potential and system of knowledge by interests, the educational process is overburdened with secondary factual material and is overly regulated. It necessitates the search and implementation of new approaches to organization of educational process in high school. One of such approaches is career counselling for secondary school students that provides thourough and specialized general education, access to quality education in accordance with the individual skills and needs of the student youth.Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of career counselling for secondary school students in Ukraine has become the subject of research by Ukrainian scholars. In particular, theoretical and conceptual foundations of career counselling training were investigated by N. Bibik, M. Burda, S. Volyanskaya, O. Adamenko, V. Kizenko, A. Samodrin, B. Fedorishin, G. Vashchenko, M. Goncharov, N. Dmitrenko.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The introduction of specialized secondary education is one of the priorities of public education policy. Therefore, it is advisable to investigate the legal bases for introducing career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine within the science of public administration.The aim of the article is to analyze the legal support for the introduction of career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine.Paper main body. According to Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine everyone has the right to education. However, the deterioration of indicators of competitiveness and the innovative attractiveness of secondary education system in Ukraine need a thorough reform within the framework of the Concept of Implementation of the State Policy for the Reform of General Secondary Education “New Ukrainian School” for the period up to 2029. The aim of the reform of the education system in Ukraine is to create the conditions for personal development and creative self-realization of every citizen of Ukraine, to create generations capable of learning throughout life, to create and develop the values of civil society.In accordance with the objectives of the first phase of implementation of the Concept (2017 – 2018), a new Law of Ukraine “On Education” was adopted, Article 10 of which defines three levels of secondary education: primary education lasting four years; basic secondary education lasting five years; specialized secondary education lasting three years. At the third stage of the Concept implementation (2023 – 2029), it is planned to introduce a specialized level of secondary education – a process of individual and differentiated learning, the basic ideas of which are the education of students in grades 10 – 12 by: interests; competencies; plans for self-realization.According to the Law of Ukraine “On Education”, obtaining a specialized secondary education involves two directions:– academic – specialized education based on the combination of the content of education which is defined by the standard s of secondary specialized education, and in-depth study of individual subjects taking into account the abilities and educational needs of education recipients focusing on continuing education at higher levels of education;– professional – labor market oriented specialized education based on a combination of educational content defined by the standard of secondary specialized education and a professionally oriented approach to learning taking into account the abilities and needs of students.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies.1. The crisis and the challenges of the problem have led to the reform of the content of secondary education in Ukraine on the basis of competent and personally oriented approaches to learning; orientation to the acquisition of skills necessary for successfu students self-realization in their professional activity.2. One of the directions of modernization and improvement of the secondary education system in Ukraine is to ensure the acquisition of appropriate qualitative skills and competences at school needed for work, innovation and active citizenship through the introduction of a specialized link education. The content of career counselling for secondary education involves the introduction of the process of individual and differentiated learning of students in grades 10 – 12 by interests, competencies and plans for self-realization.3. The legal basis for career counselling for secondary education system in Ukraine is the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine “On Education”, “On Complete General Secondary Education”, the Concept of the implementation of state policy in the field of reforming general secondary education “New Ukrainian School” for the period up to 2029. For the effective reform of the general secondary education with the introduction of the career counselling component it is necessary to implement the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On comprehensive general secondary education”, to develop and adopt the new Law of Ukraine “On Vocational Education”.The subject of further scientific research in this area will be the content and forms of organization of specialized education in secondary school.

The present tools of career and educational guidance provided by educational organizations do not seem to address the problems faced by students, and graduates for applying to their promised job. The growing benefits of cloud software as services increase the requirements of implementing novel applications for career and educational guidance as a cloud service provided by the universities' portal. In this research, the authors present the benefits of using career guidance apps and introduce the implementation of career and educational guidance system (CEGS) in Higher Education. The system is designed specifically for school-level, university students, and graduates. Fuzzy logic operations were used to represent the system inputs, outputs, and rules. The paper aims to present a career and educational guidance application as a digital transformation application in the area of career counseling. The proposed system provides a student with interactive tools to select suitable colleges that match their educational skills and help graduates to select suitable careers for their practical experiences as well as provide them with essential training programs that are needed for particular jobs. The authors used the 2*3 factorial design method for the initial evaluation of the proposed system and to evaluate both students' and graduates' feedbacks. The researcher also uses the one-way ANOVA to find out if there is a remarkable difference between the users' perceptions scores.

A European political focus on involving parents in education seeks to reduce the dropout rate, in order to improve the efficiency of the educational system. This is a valuable drive because the research literature suggests that parents are important influencers and advisers. Internationally, interventions have been designed to involve parents more in adolescents’ career development since the 1960s. These interventions can be arranged in three models: (a) career information-centred; (b) family learning; and (c) family therapy. Moving forwards, it is important to develop stronger models for parental engagement in career guidance, alongside an accompanying research agenda.

(1973). Career Guidance in Secondary Education. TPGA Journal: Vol. 2, 25th Anniversary Issue, pp. 145-146.

Currently, educational system in Russian Federation faces new challenges, the most significant one among which is the issue of developing a well-thought-out multi-level concept of career guidance in education. Career guidance is considered to be a pedagogical task. The authors show that despite the efforts of the state, social institutions, scientific community and separate educational institutions, career guidance system development still encounters a number of difficulties. It is necessary to highlight specific theoretical and practical problems to improve career guidance. On the other hand, an integrated approach to pedagogical problems related to career guidance is necessary for the creation of a unified strategy of the development of various areas of career guidance at all levels of educational system in Russia. The authors emphasize that the underdevelopment of the career guidance system leads to problems at various levels (personal; family, society, state, employment, etc.). It is noted that the problems of career guidance should be dealt with (and mainly are) in line with pedagogical disciplines, while educational standards attribute career guidance to psychological problems. In practice, career guidance should be developed as a prolonged, multi-level system of assistance to students in choosing a career. The key to the development of an effective continuous career guidance system is seen as a break with traditionalism (the use of modern information technologies), stage-by-stage development of career guidance at universities, creation of modern teaching and methodological aids for career guidance.

This chapter starts off by providing a brief outline of the educational system in Morocco, in order to help the reader better understand how educational and career guidance are seen as tools to address a number of inter-related challenges. The country's comprehensive educational reform strategy, known as Vision 2030, pays specific attention to the area of career education and guidance, setting out a number of measures to promote it at all levels of the educational system, from primary schooling up to higher education.

Good information and career guidance about which post-compulsory educational routes are available and where these routes lead is important for ensuring that young people make choices that are most appropriate to their needs and aspirations. Yet the Association of School and College Leaders (2011) expresses fears that future provision will be inadequate. This paper reports the findings of an on-line survey of 300 secondary school teachers, and follow-up telephone interviews with 18 of such teachers in the south-east of England which explored teachers’ experiences of delivering post-compulsory educational and career guidance and their knowledge and confidence in doing so. The results suggest that teachers lack confidence in delivering information, advice and guidance outside their own area of specialism and experience. In particular, teachers knew little about alternative local provision of post-16 education and lacked knowledge of less traditional vocational routes. This paper will therefore raise important policy considerations with respect to supporting teachers’ knowledge, ability and confidence in delivering information concerning future pathways and career guidance.

Editorial: Special Issue: Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 2022

Background 
 Fundamental changes in the world of work are leaving many workers insecure and uncertain about their future. The situation is aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in billions of job losses globally (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). According to the International Labor Organization (ILO, 2020), approximately 1.6 billion people in the informal sector are among those who have lost their jobs. This has led to greater uncertainty in occupational contexts, which have already been unsettled by increasing job changes (Hooley et al., 2020; Kelly, 2020). Work environments are no longer able to ‘hold’ (Winnicott, 1965) workers, leaving them insecure, traumatized, and without any sense of meaning and purpose in their work-lives. Numerous changes in the workplace (largely the effect of technological advances) have compelled workers to reconsider, reconstruct, and redesign their lives to improve their chances of finding sustainable, decent work (Di Fabio & Maree, 2016; Duarte & Cardoso, 2015; Guichard, 2018; Hartung, 2016, 2018, 2019; Ribeiro, 2016; Rossier, 2015a, 2015b; Savickas, 2007, 2019; Savickas & Savickas, 2020; UN, 2016).
 Workers have to contend with major occupational transitions (Savickas et al., 2009) requiring career counseling theorists, practitioners, researchers, and policy-makers to reconsider their theoretical and conceptual approaches and, accordingly, the practice of career counselling as a whole (Savickas et al. 2009). It serves no purpose to continue drawing on career counseling approaches and traditions that have lost their currency in today’s postmodern occupational world (Savickas & Savickas, 2019). What is needed is innovating and updating career counseling so that it can help people link career choices to a mission (personal meaning in the workplace) and a vision (social meaning of people’s work). Above all, people must be guided and counseled on which skills to master to increase their adaptability and employability (Hartung & Cadaret, 2017). This will then enable them to manage repeated work-related transitions more successfully (Sensoy-Briddick & Briddick, 2017).
 In summary: Career counseling clearly needs to come up with a practicable, theory-driven way of promoting career counseling in primary, secondary, and tertiary education – an approach that can serve as “a general rubric that covers a myriad of interventions and services” (Savickas, 2015, p. 129). At the heart of such an approach is the elicitation and implementation of ‘subjective’ aspects (‘stories’) as well as ‘objective’ aspects (‘scores’) of career counseling in education (Maree, 2013, 2020; Savickas, 2019). An approach that can encourage workers and prospective workers to choose and construct careers and design themselves successfully (Guichard, 2005, 2009; Savickas, 2019, 2020). It should also provide a platform for reconceptualizing and redesigning career counseling interventions to meet the challenges discussed above. Such an approach will enhance people’s (critical) self-reflection, reflexivity (meta-reflection), embracement of change, and conversion of aspiring intention into experienced action (moving forward) (Maree, 2020; Savickas, 2019, 2020; Savickas, 2020, in Arthur, 2020). Ultimately, it should help all people who are willing and able to work to acquire work-life identities that will enable them to recognize and use the opportunities contained in challenges to survive and flourish in these unstable times (Savickas, 2007; Savickas, 2020, in Arthur, 2020).
 Typical research questions could include the following: How can career counseling in education
 
 help worker-seekers take responsibility for their own future, become resourceful and adaptable, and manage repeated transitions in a rapidly changing world of work?
 be updated in terms of theory and praxis to promote decent work and sustainable development for all who are able and willing to work?
 be reconfigured to promote success in the workplace by increasing workers’ adaptability, employability, and career resilience?
 be used to help prospective workers clarify their career(-life) identity, make the most of change, and promote self-reflection, reflexivity, and life design?
 be provided in group contexts to promote people’s sense of meaning, rekindle their sense of purpose in the workplace, and foster their sense of critical consciousness (Blustein, 2015)?
 
 We (the editorial board) received several provocative and constructive contributions that covered a broad spectrum of research methodologies. They also covered theoretical as well as practical issues and reported on research from a quantitative, a qualitative, a mixed-methods, and an integrative qualitative-quantitative perspective.
 As always, this issue includes diverse contributions in terms of gender and race and national, international, and interdisciplinary standpoints. Individually and collectively the contributions shed light on issues underlying the renewal of career counseling in education.
 What Can Readers Expect in This Issue?
 In the leading article, Using My Career Story to foster reflective capacity, hope, and narrative change, Santilli and Hartung (2022) describe the development and use of the My Career Story (MCS) approach. This self-guided autobiographical workbook is designed to help people across the lifespan and diversity continuum articulate and shape their career-life stories. The authors discuss the outcomes of a research project where the MCS was used with young adults in Northern Italy. The findings confirmed the trustworthiness and validity of the instrument in their research context. The research participants had moved towards more action-oriented, more positive, and more lucid language in their stories by the time they had reached the end of the intervention and once they had constructed their life portraits (compared to the stories they had recounted at the outset of the intervention). The participants also achieved better scores on measures used to assess reflective capacity and hope after the intervention. The need for an approach such as that discussed in the article has never been greater – readers working in the fields of career guidance, career education, and career counseling should find the article of great value.
 In the second article, Countering master narratives with narratives of persistence: A liberation perspective in career counseling, Briddick and Briddick (2022) deal with a highly topical matter. The authors argue that many youths today have to contend with discrimination and marginalization in their daily lives, despite global efforts to eliminate such evils in society. Discrimination here is often based on youths’ (social) identities and related power systems and subjugation (Brewster & Molina, 2021). The authors add that minoritized youths especially are caught in the trap of culturally contrived ‘master narratives’ that maintain the privilege systems in their own countries (Liu, 2017). The authors maintain that reflecting carefully on such ‘master narratives’ can facilitate a key initial step in career counselling interventions with marginalized youths. The authors advocate an innovative and practicable strategy based on narrative counselling and related constructs aimed at disassembling ‘master narratives’ and providing space for the construction and enactment of ‘alternative’ stories of hope and purpose-filled futures for marginalized youths. This article, too, is a ‘must read’ for all career counsellors.
 In the third article, Life design group-based intervention fostering vocational identity, career adaptability, and career decision-making self-efficacy, Cardoso et al. (2022) examine the process and outcome of life design group intervention with Grade 9 participants. Using a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods design, the researchers investigate the effect of the intervention on the participants’ vocational identity, career adaptability, and career decision-making self-efficacy. The outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the intervention in respect of the above features as well as in advancing the participants’ reflexivity, their sense of direction and, ultimately, the construction of their careers and themselves. The research outcomes are consistent with previous findings on the topic. Researchers involved in this kind of intervention should find the article most illuminating.
 In the fourth article, Revitalising career counseling for sustainable decent work and decent lives: From personality traits to life project reflexivity for well-being, Di Fabio et al. (2022) maintain that people are increasingly being confronted with critical life and professional challenges and having to take personal responsibility for their career-life stories. The authors argue that to remain relevant career counseling requires revitalized views on counseling interventions. The authors administered the Big Five Questionnaire, the Life Project Reflexivity Scale, and measures of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing to University of Florence students. They then analyzed the research results by considering the relationship between life project reflexivity (LPR) dimensions and wellbeing (while controlling for the ‘Big Five’ personality traits). ‘Authenticity’ emerged as the strongest of the three LPR dimensions. The authors conclude by advocating an innovative, strengths-based prevention strategy for providing sustainable decent work and constructing meaningful life trajectories. A study well worth considering in the context of rapidly changing work and career counseling contexts
 In the penultimate article, Precariousness in the time of COVID-19: a turning point for reforming and reorganizing career counselling for vulnerable workers, Di Fabio and

The article analyzes main documents from the legislation of secondary education. The new function of pedagogical specialists „career guidance and counseling“ has been highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the professional portfolio as a tool for career development. The problem of the formation of career guidance and counseling competences and career management competencies is outlined. Good practices in basic university training of pedagogues in relation to the formation of these competences are presented. These include updating curricula and programs, introducing new courses. Recommendations and conclusions are formulated.

Career management competencies have recently emerged in New Zealand and in international policy addressing people’s capabilities to build successful (working) lives in de-industrialised, knowledge societies. This article shows how career management competencies could address three major and long-standing problems with New Zealand school-based career education – inequitable access, marginalisation, and lack of fitness for purpose. It argues for an overall shift from careers information and guidance delivery to longer-term capability building. The article discusses a possible role for career management competencies in relation to the key competencies of the New Zealand curriculum. It also outlines how subject teachers, careers advisors, and industry could work together to provide the kinds of learning opportunities and pedagogies needed by today’s young people making the transition from school to work and further learning.