Abstract
Simple SummaryTwo host-dependent biological characteristics, “avoiding immune destruction” and “tumor-promoting inflammation” have been added to cancer hallmarks in 2011. The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in a tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in four urological solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma, through summarizing the findings of observation studies and clinical trials.Over the past decade, an “immunotherapy tsunami”, more specifically that involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has overtaken the oncological field. The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in the tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes. As immune contexture can vary widely across different types of primary tumors and tumor microenvironments, there is still a significant lack of clinically available definitive biomarkers to predict patient response to ICIs, especially in urogenital malignancies. An increasing body of evidence evaluating urological malignancies has proven that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a double-edged sword in cancer. There is an urgent need to shed light on the functional heterogeneity in the tumor-infiltrating immune system and to explore its prognostic impact following surgery and other treatments. Notably, we emphasized the difference in the immunological profile among urothelial carcinomas arising from different primary origins, the bladder, renal pelvis, and ureter. Significant differences in the density of FOXP3-positive TILs, CD204-positive tumor-infiltrating macrophages, PD-L1-positive cells, and colony-stimulating factors were observed. This review discusses two topics: (i) the prognostic impact of TILs and (ii) predictive biomarkers for ICIs, to shed light on lymphocyte migration in four solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.
Highlights
The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in a tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes [1,2]
This review focuses on two main topics: (i) the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and (ii) predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), to shed light on lymphocyte migration in four solid tumors which are urothelial carcinoma (UC), Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), Prostate cancer (PCa), and retroperitoneal sarcoma (RSar) (Figure 1)
An “immunotherapy tsunami”, in particular ICIs, has overtaken the oncological field in this decade, it is mandatory for Physicians to deepen knowledge about cancer immunity and tumor immune microenvironment
Summary
The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in a tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes [1,2]. In 2011, Hanahan and Weinberg defined “avoiding immune destruction” and “tumor-promoting inflammation” as emerging cancer hallmarks [3], which are host-dependent biological characteristics play crucial roles in the immune cell-mediated orchestration of tumor proliferation, progression, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis [4,5]. The density, composition, and types of TILs vary greatly across tumor stage [10] and tumor entity [13]. These features display significant heterogeneity between patients with the same type of tumors [14,15]. There are three types of immunological profiles: (1) immunologically “tumors”
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
