Clinical epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in North-Central India and association of immunological markers, NLR, MLR and PLR in the diagnostic/prognostic prediction of GBC

Abstract

IntroductionThe incidence of Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) is found to be increasing in the rural populations of north-central India. Role of multiple demographic factors, including poor socio-economic conditions, illiteracy and miserable primary healthcare services appear to be significant factors for this increase. Here, we aim to assess the present status of GBC in north-central India and evaluate the role of immunological markers in its management. MethodsA total of 1845 cases of different Gallbladder diseases, including GBC, from rural and urban areas both, registered at CHRI, Gwalior during 2009–2014 and 2018 were included in this study. The demographic and clinical information of the patients were analysed using various statistical tests. ResultsOf all the cases (1845) included in this study, 1125 (60.97%) were diagnosed with GBC, of which, 707 (62.84%) were from rural background and 418 (37.15%) from urban settings. Mean age for GBC cases for both male and female was about 53.49 years. Females were more affected, being 70.37%, while male patients were only 29.63%. The pathological investigations showed elevated levels of total bilirubin and liver function enzymes both. The NLR, PLR and MLR were found to be significantly associated with different clinical parameters as well as OS. ConclusionWe infer that the growing trend of GBC, particularly in rural areas, in north-central India is primarily associated with the lack of awareness, inadequate medical support and poor socio-economic conditions. Evaluation of haematological markers may help in the predictive diagnosis/ prognosis and or management of GBC cases in the studied population.