Clinical and morphological criteria for the diagnosis of prefibrotic idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis.

Abstract

A clinicopathological study was performed to define initial-prefibrotic precursor stages of idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis (IMF) by presenting laboratory and histological bone marrow features. Contrary to the usually accepted diagnostic requirements for IMF, including bone marrow fibrosis and a leukoerythroblastic blood picture, we found that 80 patients did not completely comply with these criteria. In particular, this cohort displayed no increase in the reticulin-collagen fiber content of the bone marrow at onset. Therefore, these cases were occasionally regarded as unclassifiable chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), or presumptively as essential thrombocythemia (ET). Patients were characterized by a certain set of clinical parameters comprising a borderline to slight leukocytosis and therapy-refractory anemia, minimal to modest splenomegaly, and often an elevated platelet count. Peripheral blood films revealed, only very sparsely, tear drop cells and a few erythroid and myeloid precursors, but no definite leukoerythroblastic reaction. Bone marrow histopathology was consistent with an increase in cellularity and a prominent left-shifted neutrophil granulopoiesis. Erythropoiesis disclosed a slight reduction with small to medium-sized islets. Megakaryopoiesis was the most prominent diagnostic hallmark to distinguish initial-prefibrotic IMF from the allied subtypes of MPDs. This cell lineage was not only characterized by a conspicuous growth and abnormal clustering, but also by a pronounced deviation from nuclear-cytoplasmic differentiation (dysplastic appearance). Cytological anomalies were compatible with a large variety of size and shape, ranging from giant- to atypical micromegakaryocytes with compact and bulky, cloud-like nuclei, due to a coarse lobulation and a frequent occurrence of naked (denuded) nuclei. Follow-up examinations, including sequential trephine biopsies in 22 patients, revealed a transition into myelofibrosis accompanied by laboratory findings in keeping with manifest IMF. In conclusion, morphological and clinical parameters have been validated by this study, which are consistent with a set of diagnostic criteria to recognize initial or prefibrotic precursor stages of IMF.