Climate Change Impact on Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Yield in Maharashtra and Karnataka: A Panel Regression Approach

Crops under furrow irrigation or after heavy rainfall on the alkaline, calcareous Vertisols of northern N.S.W. frequently exhibit chlorosis of young leaves after the soil is wetted, but the specific cause has not been identified previously. The quantitative effects of the syndrome on growth, physiological activity and yield are also unknown. Experiments on soybean and pigeon pea grown on a Vertisol at Breeza, N.S.W., Australia, examined the influence of applying Fe to the leaves, and Fe, Zn, N+P and lime to the soil before sowing, on leaf colour, leaf photosynthesis, crop dry matter, and yield of grain of soybean and dry matter and yield of pigeon pea. In soybean, chelated Fe applied to the soil before sowing increased the levels of active Fe (Fe2+) in leaves by up to 42% and dry matter of shoots by up to 46% early in the season. Active Fe and dry matter of shoots were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.76). Soil Fe treatments did not affect leaf photosynthesis, although addition of chelated Fe to the soil resulted in greener leaves than in the control. Foliar Fe had no significant effect on active Fe, leaf colour, or leaf photosynthesis. The 9% increase in grain yield in response to application of 20 kg Fe ha-1 to the soil was not significant. In pigeon pea, application of 20 kg Fe ha-1 to the soil increased dry matter by 140% and grain yield by 414%. Effects of lime and zinc were not significant, but N+P increased yield by 112%. The study showed that Fe deficiency is limiting the growth and/or yield of irrigated soybean and pigeon pea on the clay soils of northern N.S.W., and pointed to lime-induced iron chlorosis as a possible mechanism of damage.

Pyrethrum is a, herbaceous perennial crop grown commercially for extraction of pyrethrins, which is used in pesticides formulation. Through out the years, it has been grown in a pure stand due to its poor performance as intercrop with other crops that do well in pyrethrum growing areas. A trial was carried out on introduction of a short pigeon pea variety at different line spacing within the pyrethrum crop in randomized complete block design replicated four times. Data on dry pea yields was analyzed using ANOVA and fitted in a generalized linear model, with the distribution assumed to be Gamma and a link function as inverse. The results showed that there was a significant difference (F(4, 132) = 4.76; p=0.001) among the intercropping levels of pyrethrum and pigeon pea. The control (pure stand of pigeon pea had the lowest yield (0.92 t ha-1) as compared to 1:1 intercropping of pyrethrum and pigeon pea which had the highest pigeon pea yield (1.12 t ha-1). Comparison of pigeon mean yield showed that there were significant differences (p 0.05) in pigeon pea yields were found among all intercropping spacing. These findings indicated that pigeon pea might be a good option to inter crop with pyrethrum. Further monitoring and assessment would be carried out to assess both pyrethrum and pigeon pea yield at different seasons of the year. It was observed that means of the rows were significantly different with pigeon pea pure stand giving the lowest. This observation indicated that pigeon pea is a good option to inter crop with. In all spacings the pigeon pea performed well. If interest would be the quantity of pigeon pea then 1:1 spacing would be resulted to Key words: Field productivity, soil microbial symbiotic association, soil nutrient availability.

Climate change and global warming poses threat to the living beings. The developing countries like India, are facing the problem of producing sufficient food for the ever increasing population. Apart from cereals, pulses are the main constituent of the Indian food platter. The present study was undertaken to find out the impact of change in climatic variables, viz. temperature and rainfall on yield of Pigeon Pea by using district-level panel data for Gujarat from 1980–2011. An increase in temperature was found to have a negative impact on the yield of crop whereas rainfall had a favourable impact.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential plant nutrients and plays an important role in nitrogen fixation of leguminous crops. A two-year experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria to investigate the effect of different rates of phosphorus fertilizer on the growth, yield, nodulation and nutrient uptake of pigeon pea ( Cajanas cajan ). Seven P rates (0kg (control), 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150kg ha -1 ) were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates and managed for two consecutive years. Data on plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties were collected for the two seasons. The application of phosphorus significantly increased the soil nutrient content after the first season. There was no significant difference in height and stem girth of pigeon pea. The application of 75 kg ha -1 significantly (p=.05) increased the number of leaves, biomass and nodules of pigeon pea. The application of 25 - 75kg ha -1 of phosphorus fertilizer increased the grain yield of pigeon pea than other rates of application in the first cropping season. In the residual experiment, the control and 25kg ha -1 application of P had the grain yield of 1,493.3kg ha -1 and 1,498.0kg ha -1 respectively, and were significantly (p=.05) higher compared to other treatments. The application of phosphorus fertilizer at the rate of 25 ‐ 75kg ha -1 significantly improved the yield, nodulation and nutrient uptake of pigeon pea in

Pigeon pea is the second most important grain legume in India, primarily grown under rainfed conditions. Any changes in agro-climatic conditions will have a profound influence on the productivity of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) yield and, as a result, the total pulse production of the country. In this context, weather-based crop yield prediction will enable farmers, decision-makers, and administrators in dealing with hardships. The current study examines the application of the stepwise linear regression method, supervised machine learning algorithms (support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF)), shrinkage regression approaches (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) or elastic net (ENET)), and artificial neural network (ANN) model for pigeon pea yield prediction using long-term weather data. Among the approaches, ANN resulted in a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.88-0.99), model efficiency (0.88-1.00) with subsequent lower normalised root mean square error (nRMSE) during calibration (1.13-12.55%), and validation (0.33-21.20%) over others. The temperature alone or its interaction with other weather parameters was identified as the most influencing variables in the study area. The Pearson correlation coefficients were also determined for the observed and predicted yield. Those values also showed ANN as the best model with correlation values ranging from 0.939 to 0.999 followed by RF (0.955-0.982) and LASSO (0.880-0.982). However, all the approaches adopted in the study were outperformed the statistical method, i.e. stepwise linear regression with lower error values and higher model efficiency. Thus, these approaches can be effectively used for precise yield prediction of pigeon pea over different districts of Karnataka in India.

A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of AICRP for Dry Land Agriculture, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during kharif season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study yield and economics of pigeon pea based intercropping systems as influenced by different land configurations. Soil of experimental field was medium deep black with low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main plot treatments and four sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments were three land configurations as (L1) Broad bed furrow (BBF), (L2) Ridges and furrow and (L3) Flat bed method. Sub plot treatments were four intercropping systems i.e. (I1) pigeon pea + soybean (2:1), (I2) pigeon pea + greengram (2:1), (I3) pigeon pea + black gram (2:1) and (I4) pigeon pea + Cowpea (2:1). The highest pigeon pea equivalent yield and net returns of Rs. 67814 ha-1 were obtained with broad bed furrow (L1), which was closely followed by treatment L2 (ridges and furrow) with net returns of Rs. 64095 ha-1. Among intercropping systems the highest pigeon pea equivalent yield and net returns of Rs. 68908 ha-1were obtained in pigeonpea+greeengram (2:1) intercropping system and was followed by pigeonpea+blackgram and pigeonpea+soybean intercropping system.

Aims: This paper deals with the analysis of trend pattern in area, production, and yield of pigeon pea in India. Study design: Firstly, some well-known statistical models have been fitted to the concerned time series data on pigeon pea, and the trend values have been obtained. Then the accuracy of the concerned fitted models has been tested using various statistical measures. Finally, inferences are made regarding the trend pattern of pigeon pea in India. Place and Duration of Study: The analysis is carried out using secondary time series data on area, production, and yield of pigeon pea in India pertaining to the period 2001-2023. The time series data have been collected from the records of the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation, and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), Govt. of India. Methodology: The trend values have been computed on fitting well-known statistical models viz., linear model, exponential model, quadratic model, and cubic model. Moreover, the accuracy of the concerned fitted models has been evaluated using various statistical measures viz., coefficient of determination (\(R^2\)), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative mean absolute percentage error (RMAPE). Results: The results of the investigation reveal that the concerned models fitted well for exploring the trend in area, production, and yield of pigeon pea. Moreover, the cubic model is slightly more precise as compared to the other fitted models, and hence it could be utilized for forecasting the scenario of pigeon pea in India. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide useful insights towards policy formulation regarding enhancement of pigeon pea production for meeting global food demand and nutritional security.

The present study explains the application of vermicompost during the cultivation of rice and pigeon pea in relay intercropping farming. This study examined vermicompost's effect on increasing yield and nutrient quality of rice and pigeon pea. In North India, Kharif crops were grown for three seasons from 2019 to 2021 in the intercropping farming system. The main crop (rice) was sown with pigeon peas (legumes) in July 2019 in rows and there were a total of 36 rows each of 6 m, of which nine rows were for rice having a distance of 70 cm between each row and pigeon peas each with a distance of 50 cm between each row and the other nine were for one row of rice and another of pigeon peas having a distance of 50 cm among them. Each type of crop was treated with control as urea and treated with vermicompost for analysis of results. The result of the study, exhibited significant increase in macro elements K & P in intercropping along with vermicompost (4320 mg/kg & 1100 mg/kg) as compared to control (4200 mg/kg& 910 mg/kg) as well as microelements Zn & Fe in treated (41.4 mg/kg & 65.6 mg/kg) as compared to control (38.2 mg/kg& 60.2 mg/kg) were found higher in vermicompost treated intercropping. Also, yield (18.01 kg/ha) and HI (Harvest Index) (0.82) were found more in intercropping treated with vermicompost as compared to conventional one treated with urea (14.23 kg/ha) and (0.62). Hence, vermicompost along with intercropping was found to be effective in increasing the yield and nutritional value of crops.

SUMMARYA field experiment was made with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during the rainy seasons of 1975 and 1976 to study the effects of plant type, plant population density and the application of phosphate fertilizer on growth and yield of pigeon pea. Cultivars BS-1 and UPAS-120 produced significantly more grain with 100 × 103 plants/ha, whereas the cultivar Prabhat produced most when 200 × 103 plants/ha were grown. Application of 13 kg P/ha increased most growth and yield attributes and increased the grain yield significantly over the control to which no P was given; however, no additional increase was obtained when 26 kg P/ha was given. The highest-yielding cultivar BS-1 benefited most from phosphate fertilizer.

Effect of <i>Heterodera cajani</i> on biomass and grain yield of pigeon pea on vertisol in pot and field experiments

Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.)) have considerable potential as a tropical legume. Intensive research work is underway to study the various aspects of pigeon peas production in the Caribbean region. This investigation was undertaken to study the response of N, P, and Mo fertilizers and liming to the grain yield of pigeon peas. The field experiment was conducted on a River Estate loam, a fluventic eutropept, at the University Field Station, Trinidad. The main treatments, N (0, 12, 20, and 30 kg N/ha), P (0, 50, 100, and 250 kg P/ha), and lime (0. 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 kg CaCO3/ ha) were arranged in blocks in a modified central composite design. The subtreatment, Mo was applied at two rates (0 and 0.25 kg/ha) on two blocks each. Nitrogen fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction assay, nodule weight, dry matter and grain yield, and nutrient uptake by pigeon peas, were observed. Although the fertilizer N significantly reduced N fixation, the total K arid N uptake, grain yield, and Fe and Cu concentration in the plant were not affected. Applied Mo had no effect or any of the plant parameters considered, possibly because it was present in sufficient amounts in soil. Liming significantly increased total Ca, Mg, and P uptake by pigeon peas but significantly decreased Mn concentration in the plant by raising soil pH. Fertilizer P significantly increased dry matter yield (at 6 weeks of crop growth) and total P uptake but significantly decreased Zn concentration in the plant. The tendency for increasing grain yield with higher rates of liming and especially that of P suggested that the optimum rates of P and liming should be further studied.

Background: Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] is the sixth most important food legume of the world and grown on about 5 million hectares globally in about 50 countries. India has the largest area (4 million ha.) under pigeon pea and accounts for about 80 per cent of area of the world. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2015-16 at Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) to find out the suitable pigeon pea based inter cropping system and their nutrient management. The 16 treatments were tested in split plot design in which 6 cropping system were kept in main plot and 2 fertility levels in sub plots. Result: Result showed that sole pigeon pea, sole black gram, sole green gram and sole sesame produced significantly higher seed and stover yield over intercropped mean. Under cropping system, yield attributes wear at par but the maximum grain yield of (744 kg ha-1) was recorded under pigeon pea + black gram (1:1) alternate rows but stover yield (3910 kg ha-1) in pigeon pea + sesame (1:1) alternate rows. As regards, the fertility levels, the yield contributing characters and yields were higher in 125% Recommended dose of Fertilizers (RDF). Intercropped black gram and intercropped green gram formed almost similar yield attributes and yields under both cropping system (1:1 and 2:2). The application of 125% RDF produced better yields attributes and yields of black gram and green gram. Intercropped and sole sesame produced and statistically equal yield contributes but seed and stover yields of sesame sole was significantly higher them intercropped sesame. Application of 125% RDF had superior yield attributes and yields of sesame. Pigeon pea + green gram (1:1 row ratio) with 125% RDF maximised the pigeon pea grain equivalent yield of 1505 kg ha-1, land equivalent ratio (1.65), net profit of ₹ 84826 per ha and benefit : cost ratio (4.68) followed by pigeon pea + green gram (2:2 row ratio) with 125% RDF.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) is grown worldwide for its protein-rich seed. However, low availability of soil boron adversely affects the seed yield of pigeon pea. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the Influence of micronutrients mainly boron on crop growth and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) cv. PRG176. Field experiment was conducted at farmer’s field, Pipalpada and Boria of district Kalahandi of Odisha state. Boron as boric acid at 200, 300 and 400 ppm was given as foliar spray with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha and plant height, growth rates and yield attributes were estimated. The results revealed that combined application of 100% RDF, ZnSO4 (25 kg/ha) and Boron (300 ppm) recorded the highest plant height (324.84 cm) at 180 days after sowing (DAS), highest dry matter accumulation (759.30g/m2) at 180 DAS and best crop growth rate (6.65 g/m2/day) during 90-180 DAS and highest relative growth rate (0.052 g/m2/day) during 30-90 DAS. Similarly these combination of treatment resulted in maximum number of branches plant-1 (10.30), pods branch-1 (19.67) pods plant-1 (202.33), seeds pod-1 (3.0) and grain yield (1702.64 kg ha-1), gross return (₹102150/ha), net return (₹ 61650/ha) and return per rupee investment (₹ 2.52) in pigeon pea cv.PRG176.

In field trials for six years, the influence of weather parameters on pigeon pea was studied in the Alfisols of Bengaluru, Karnataka. Pooled analysis revealed that for delay in sowing by each day, the normal sowing month from June resulted in decreased yield of pigeon pea by 11.13 kg ha-1, thus indicating the importance of early and timely sowing to get the advantage of higher rainfall, rainy days (RD), length of growing period (LGP in days), growing degree days (GDD) and leaf area duration (LAD in days). Among the above RD, LGP, GDD, LAD were found to have influenced the yield of pigeon pea in Alfisols significantly. For achieving maximum yield, the optimum values of the above parameters obtained from the fitted quadratic curves, were 90 RD, 2600 GDD and 300 LAD during the cropping period. Among the 10 multiple linear regression (MLR) models established, model V was found to be the most reliable in judging the yield potential of pigeon pea.

Tres experimentos con gandúl [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] se realizaron en el Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrícola de Lajas desde el 14 de septiembre de 1983 hasta el 11 de marzo de 1986. En 1983 las aplicaciones preemergentes de oxifluorfén a 1.68, 3.36 y 6.72 kg. i.a./ha. redujeron significativamente (P=0.05) la germinación y la altura del gandúl var. 2,B-Bushy. Sin embargo, la yerba johnson (S. halepense), verdolaga de hoja ancha (T. portulacastrum), el arrocillo (E. colonum) y bejuco de puerco (I. tiliacea) se controlaron excelentemente. El herbicida a 1.68 kg./ha. controló eficazmente la lechecilla (E. heterophylla). La aplicación preemergente de oxifluorfén a 1.32 kg. i.a./ha. redujo la germinación del gandúl, var. Kaki, en aproximadamente 20% en 1984-85 y 5% en 1985-86. Las aplicaciones del herbicida a 0.33 y 0.66 kg. i.a./ha. no afectaron adversamente la germinación, pero las mismas concentraciones le causaron daño severo al tope del follaje al aplicarlo posemergentemente sobre las malezas y el gandúl. Los síntomas de fitotoxicidad desaparecieron a las 9 semanas. Las plantas en todas las parcelas tratadas recuperaron su vigor totalmente. En ambas fechas las malezas gramíneas se redujeron significativamente con las tres concentraciones preemergentes de oxifluorfén más dos aspersiones en directo del mismo herbicida a 0.25 kg./ha. Las malezas de hoja ancha se controlaron en menor grado. En la aplicación posemergente al tope a razón de 0.33 y 0.66 kg. i.a./ha. seguida por una aspersión en directo a razón de 0.25 kg. i.a./ha. no fue eficaz; a razón de 0.66 kg. controló algunas malezas de hoja ancha solamente. En 1984-85 el mayor rendimiento de gandúl en vaina verde (7,989 kg./ha.) se obtuvo en las parcelas tratadas con oxifluorfén a 0.33 kg. i.a./ha. aplicado posemergente sobre el follaje de las malezas y el gandúl, más una aspersión en directo a razón de 0.25 kg. i.a./ha. Este rendimiento fue significativamente superior (P=0.05) a los obtenidos en las parcelas desyerbadas manualmente y en las parcelas testigo sin desyerbar. Con un tratamiento preemergente a 0.33 kg. i.a./ha. se logró una cosecha de 7,826 kg./ha. No se observaron diferencias significativas (P=0.05) en 1985-86 entre los rendimientos de las parcelas tratadas con oxifluorfén a distintas concentraciones y las parcelas testigo. Contrario al año anterior el rendimiento más alto (6,470 kg./ha.) correspondió al testigo desyerbado y el menor (4,428 kg./ha.) al testigo sin desyerbar.