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Abstract
We used species distribution modeling to investigate the potential effects of climate change on 24 species of Neotropical anurans of the genus Melanophryniscus. These toads are small, have limited mobility, and a high percentage are endangered or present restricted geographical distributions. We looked at the changes in the size of suitable climatic regions and in the numbers of known occurrence sites within the distribution limits of all species. We used the MaxEnt algorithm to project current and future suitable climatic areas (a consensus of IPCC scenarios A2a and B2a for 2020 and 2080) for each species. 40% of the species may lose over 50% of their potential distribution area by 2080, whereas 28% of species may lose less than 10%. Four species had over 40% of the currently known occurrence sites outside the predicted 2080 areas. The effect of climate change (decrease in climatic suitable areas) did not differ according to the present distribution area, major habitat type or phylogenetic group of the studied species. We used the estimated decrease in specific suitable climatic range to set a conservation priority rank for Melanophryniscus species. Four species were set to high conservation priority: M. montevidensis, (100% of its original suitable range and all known occurrence points potentially lost by 2080), M. sp.2, M. cambaraensis, and M. tumifrons. Three species (M. spectabilis, M. stelzneri, and M. sp.3) were set between high to intermediate priority (more than 60% decrease in area predicted by 2080); nine species were ranked as intermediate priority, while eight species were ranked as low conservation priority. We suggest that monitoring and conservation actions should be focused primarily on those species and populations that are likely to lose the largest area of suitable climate and the largest number of known populations in the short-term.
Highlights
Projections of future climate predict that major changes will take place in most subtropical regions, including an increase in average global temperature and a decrease in precipitation [1,2]
Based on comparisons of present time modeled distributions and distributions projected to the future, we aimed to answer the following questions: (1) What is the potential magnitude of change in the size of suitable climatic area for each species?; (2) What is the potential number of currently known populations of each species that would be located in non-suitable climatic conditions in the future?; (3) Is the reduction in suitable areas related to Major Habitat Type, original range size or phylogeny; and (4) Can we rank species and populations for prioritization in research and conservation?
The current projected suitable areas varied from 720,505 km2, to 4,461 km2 (Table 2)
Summary
Projections of future climate predict that major changes will take place in most subtropical regions, including an increase in average global temperature and a decrease in precipitation [1,2]. Impacts of global climate change can already be observed in several physical and biological systems [4,5,6], and these impacts might change the distribution of suitable areas for a wide variety of organisms by the end of the century, increasing the risk of extinction for many species [7,8,9], those with restricted geographical range [10,11]. Population persistence under climate change is dependent either on adaptation or dispersal capabilities that enable species to track suitable habitat conditions in other areas [13,14]. Displacement and contraction of suitable climatic areas represents a major threat to the conservation of amphibian species with low dispersal capabilities [22,23]. In the particular case of Neotropical amphibians, it is crucial to prioritize species and populations for in situ monitoring, with the aim of supporting conservation decisions, and for evaluating whether the real effects correspond to those projected by models
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