Abstract
Plant root system architecture changes drastically in response to availability of macronutrients in the soil environment. Despite the importance of root sulfur (S) uptake in plant growth and reproduction, molecular mechanisms underlying root development in response to S availability have not been fully characterized. We report here on the signaling module composed of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide and CLAVATA1 (CLV1) leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, which regulate lateral root (LR) development in Arabidopsis thaliana upon changes in S availability. The wild-type seedlings exposed to prolonged S deficiency showed a phenotype with low LR density, which was restored upon sulfate supply. In contrast, the clv1 mutant showed a higher daily increase rate of LR density relative to the wild-type under prolonged S deficiency, which was diminished to the wild-type level upon sulfate supply, suggesting that CLV1 directs a signal to inhibit LR development under S-deficient conditions. CLE2 and CLE3 transcript levels decreased under S deficiency and through CLV1-mediated feedback regulations, suggesting the levels of CLE peptide signals are adjusted during the course of LR development. This study demonstrates a fine-tuned mechanism for LR development coordinately regulated by CLE-CLV1 signaling and in response to changes in S availability.
Highlights
Plant roots optimize nutrient uptake capacity by altering the root system architecture (RSA) in the soil environment [1]
The most significant changes in root morphology at Day 10 were the decrease in length and number of lateral root (LR) after long-term limitation of S (Figure 1a; plants transferred from –S to –S) compared to the recovery of the roots observed in response to supply of sulfate (Figure 1b; plants transferred from –S to +S)
The results shown in this study indicate that the CLE-CLV1 The signaling pathway is involved in in regulation of LR
Summary
Plant roots optimize nutrient uptake capacity by altering the root system architecture (RSA) in the soil environment [1]. Changes in nutrient availabilities have a distinct effect on RSA depending on the nutrient types and the amount supplied or locally concentrated in the soil environment [2]. It is proposed that a combination of a thick and deep primary root (PR) with few and long lateral roots (LRs) can improve the uptake of S [3]. To achieve the adjustment of RSA, individual root traits can be regulated independently in response to changes in nutrient availabilities and patterns of nutrient distributions in the soil environment [4]. LRs are phenotypically evaluated by length, total numbers, and density, which is considered a major determinant of RSA [5]. Changes in sulfate availability have a variable effect on LR development. Several studies have demonstrated that S deficiency leads to reduction in LR length [2,6,7,8,9] and LR number or density [2,7,9]
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