Classification of 9th–13th Century Arrowheads Found in Azerbaijan

Abstract

Ninety-fi ve arrowheads dating to AD 800–1300 and found in the cities of Kabala, Shamakhi, Baku, Shabran, Shamkir, Beylagan, and Sharur, in the castles of Gulistan and Gasimkan-qala, and in the villages of Shamdan, Burovdal, and Shakasheher are described. The study is based on the classifi cation of Siberian, Far Eastern, eastern and western Central Asian, and Eastern European arrowheads, suggested by Y.S. Hudiakov and A.I. Soloviev. All specimens are made of iron; some are stemmed and some socketed. Stemmed ones fall into eight groups in terms of cross-section. Those with sockets form a single group. In terms of function, three groups of arrowheads are described: (1) used against light armor; (2) used against chain mail; (3) used against plate armor. On the basis of casting molds, metal sheets with notches, and leather templates, manufacturing techniques are reconstructed. Arrowheads were forged from irregular metal blanks or rods, and cut from metal sheets using templates; additional forging was optional. The most representative group includes specimens with narrow faceted blades and triangular tips ensuring deep penetration. Flat arrowheads are the most common. A few specimens from Mongolian burials at Mingachevir, dating to late 13th century, are described.