Abstract
Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in the regulation of inflammation in implant dentistry, and their activation/polarization state is considered to be the basis for their functions. The classic dichotomy activation model is commonly accepted, however, due to the discovery of macrophage heterogeneity and more functional and iconic exploration at different technologies; some studies have discovered the shortcomings of the dichotomy model and have put forward the concept of alternative activation models through the application of advanced technologies such as cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), and hyperspectral image (HSI). These alternative models have great potential to help macrophages divide phenotypes and functional genes.
Highlights
Macrophages are an important part of the immune system and can secrete cytokines and growth factors to regulate the occurrence and development of inflammation and can transform their phenotype under a variety of different stimuli which is called activation or polarization [1,2,3]
According to the activation of macrophages by in vitro signals, the classical polarization model divides macrophages into two states. When they are activated as proinflammatory phenotypes and release some cytokines, they can mediate the balance between bone salt deposition, osteogenesis, and osteoclast; for example, activated macrophages can mediate periprosthetic inflammation and make an important impact on recruitment and bone resorption [82,83,84,85,86]
Macrophages play an important role in the early tissue healing process of bone implantation of biomaterials [87]
Summary
Macrophages are an important part of the immune system and can secrete cytokines and growth factors to regulate the occurrence and development of inflammation and can transform their phenotype under a variety of different stimuli which is called activation or polarization [1,2,3]. The classic macrophage dichotomy activation model divides macrophages into M1 and M2 in vitro based on the type of stimulation, surface molecules, secreted cytokines patterns, and functional characteristics [5, 6]. More information about the behavior of macrophages in diseases and tissue-specific phenotypes has been obtained through different technologies, and some scholars have proposed alternative macrophage activation models, such as comprehensive multidimensional models and spectral models. The purpose of this study is to clarify the argument of the classic dichotomy and introduce different macrophage activation models that have been proposed due to advanced technologies, so that researchers can better classify macrophages and provide a theoretical basis for interventional therapy targeting specific biomarkers of macrophages
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