Class, the welfare state, and redistributive attitudes: A methodological Intervention

Social Class and Work Functioning in Treatment for Depression

Inequalities in health related to social class in women. What is the effect of the measure used

Inequalities in health related to social class in women. What is the effect of the measure used?

Many workers are experiencing the downsides of being exposed to an overload of information and communication technology (ICT), highlighting the need for resources to cope with the resulting technostress. This article offers a novel cross-level perspective on technostress by examining how the context of the welfare state influences the relationship between income and technostress. Showing that individuals with higher income experience less technostress, this study argues that the welfare state represents an additional coping resource, in particular in the form of unemployment benefits. Since unemployment benefits insure income earners in the case of job loss, the negative effect of income on technostress should increase with higher levels of unemployment generosity. In line with these expectations, empirical results based on original survey data collected in collaboration with the OECD show that the impact of income on technostress varies across welfare state contexts. Implications for public health and policymakers are being discussed.

ABSTRACTCross-national comparisons employed welfare state classifications to explain differences in care use in the European older population. Yet these classifications do not cover all care-related societal characteristics and limit our understanding of which specific societal characteristics are most important. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (second wave, 2006–07), the effect of societal determinants relating to culture, welfare state context and socio-economic and demographic composition on informal and formal care use of older adults in 11 European countries was studied. Multinomial multi-level regression analyses showed that, in addition to individual determinants, societal determinants are salient for understanding care use. In countries with fewer home-based services, less residential care, more informal care support and women working full time, older adults are more likely to receive informal care only. Older adults are more likely to receive only formal home care or a combination of formal and informal care in countries with more extensive welfare state arrangements (i.e. more home-based services, higher pension generosity), whereas the odds of receiving a combination of informal and formal care are also larger in countries that specify a legal obligation to care for parents. We tentatively conclude that the incorporation of societal determinants rather than commonly used welfare state classifications results in more understanding of the societal conditions that determine older adults’ care use.

The third chapter presents the theoretical framework. First, I argue that the radical right’s ideological core of nativism and authoritarianism translates into distinct deservingness conceptions that favour threatened labour market insiders, male breadwinners, and the elderly. Second, I argue that welfare state contexts shape the ways that radical right parties implement their deservingness conceptions in policy terms. In welfare states with conservative family relations, the radical right pushes for familialist policies (Continental and Eastern Europe). In welfare states with generous social insurance systems, the radical right defends the benefit entitlements of labour market insiders with long contribution records and excludes non-citizens from welfare entitlements (Continental and Northern Europe). The nativist mirror image of welfare chauvinism may be economic nationalism in welfare states dependent on foreign direct investment (Eastern Europe). In the absence of these welfare state features, trade protection becomes a functional equivalent of social protection (USA).

Skills and Inequality: Partisan Politics and the Political Economy of Education Reforms in Western Welfare StatesBusemeyer, MariusCambridge, Cambridge University Press (2015), 309 p., ISBN 978‐1‐107‐06293‐1

How does labour market insecurity influence generalized social trust? And what role does the welfare state play in moderating this relationship? While the widespread impact of labour market insecurity has become increasingly recognized, its effect on workers’ social attitudes remains under-explored. In particular, little is known about the influence that job insecurity has on generalized social trust. Understanding the relationship between employment insecurity and social trust is important not only because reductions in trust can have important downstream consequences, but also because trust is in itself an important resource for dealing with periods of uncertainty. Investigating the relationship between labour market insecurity and trust also opens up a new perspective on the relationship between welfare states and trust. Social policies such as unemployment benefits and active labour market policies insulate workers from the effects of insecurity, lessening the effect of insecurity on trust. The interaction between individual insecurity, national unemployment support, and social trust attitudes thus provides a new perspective on the often posited link between trust and welfare states. Using multi-level modelling, this article addresses both questions directly. Combining data from the first six waves of the European Social Survey with measures of workers’ labour market insecurity, this article demonstrates that labour market insecurity does has a strong and persistent negative effect on social trust. Moreover, by embedding individual workers in national contexts, this article also shows that social policy can play an important role in alleviating the strain of insecurity on trust.

A higher proportion of workingage persons receive disability assistance in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands than in other European countries. Whereas current research emphasizes the connection between disability assistance and rates of labor force exit, to date there has been no exploration of how welfare state context influences individual self-reported disability. Using nationally representative data from 15 countries (n = 88, 478), I find that residents of generous welfare states are significantly more likely to report a disability net of self-reported health, sociodemographic, and labor force characteristics and, notably, that this association extends to younger and more educated workers. I argue that welfare state context may directly shape what it means to be disabled, which may have consequences for evaluations of welfare state performance and social exclusion.

In this chapter, we explore the concern of social work to intervene at the points where citizens, including disabled people, interact with their environments, communities and societies while promoting principles of human rights and social justice. We aim at a cross-fertilisation of ideas emerging in social policy and social work, inspired by the interdisciplinary perspective of critical disability studies. This implies a productive venture insofar as social work has long sought to embrace its explicit social agenda as a practice that does not distance itself from historical, social, political and cultural processes and social policies in welfare state contexts that influence the well-being of citizens (Lorenz 2006). Influenced by disability studies and disability activism, the language of rights has acquired symbolic potential in Europe and has been linked to wider concerns about citizenship, since the notions of rights and citizenship “are increasingly invoked as both the basis of disabled people’s claims to support and services” (Stainton 2002: 252). There is, however, reason for caution since the rhetoric of disability rights can entail complexity in practice, reflecting the exclusionary tensions and contradictions of citizenship (Lister 1997). Citizenship refers conventionally to the ways in which the relationship between the individual and the state is constructed. But within the context of layered relations of power, it may be constructed in different ways (Biesta, De Bie & Wildemeersch 2013). Notions of citizenship are shaped in historical context through dialectical tensions between the competing principles that have been the drivers of all social struggles and political developments across Europe. Modern constitutional nation states provided a concept of citizenship based on the rule of law and liberal democracy, rooted in Western enlightenment ideals and implying a blindness to social inequalities. Subsequent attempts to fine-tune social rights after the second World War extended the principle of democratic participation in welfare states to those who had been politically excluded subjects without power or property (Offe 1984). The principles of universal equality and recognition of all citizens makes possible a configuration of the welfare state in which solidaristic relations of interdependency could be a constitutive element of citizenship and human rights (Raes 2003; Dean 2010). Our contribution is inspired by critical disability studies, which reminds us of the frailty of particular citizen subjects in our societies, since we “start with disability but never end with it: disability is the space from which to think through a host of political, theoretical and practical issues that are relevant to all” (Goodley, Hughes & Davis 2012: 3). More particularly, our chapter revolves around the rights and citizenship of people with ‘learning disabilities’ . Although formally recognized as citizens, they have perennially faced the risk of being denied recognition and respect. This obliges us to consider just how to realise the potential of an inclusive citizenship (Lister 2007). Turner (1993: 507) has stressed that “it is from a collectively held recognition of individual frailty that rights as a system of mutual protection gain their emotive force”. Therefore, we develop recent ideas about the relationship between needs and rights (Dean 2010, 2013), and explore the ways in which underlying notions of the human subject can be constituted through social work practices. In that sense, we argue for encompassing notions of entitlement, whereby substantive rights are negotiated by disabled people through social workers on terms that embrace the complexity of their needs and the reality of human interdependency. This chapter is divided into three sections. First, we broadly discuss historically rooted welfare state transformations while focusing more particularly on developments and changes within the field of social work and social care for people with learning disabilities in the UK and Belgium. Second, we reveal how rights may be constituted through the naming and claiming of complex needs and concerns when they are negotiated and claimed by people with learning disabilities and social work professionals, and we illustrate emerging contradictions and competing interpretations of complex needs in current social work practices. Third, we address challenges and possible principles for social work.

It is well established that unemployment is detrimental to health and wellbeing. However, less is known about how the impact varies across welfare state contexts and expenditures. Cross-country comparative analysis could indicate important differences to inform welfare state policy reforms. The Comparative Panel File (CPF) was used to combine household panel survey data from seven countries (UK, US, Germany, Australia, South Korea, Switzerland, and Russia). The analysis covers 2001 to 2019 using a sample of the working-age population (age 25 to 64). Country-specific fixed effects models were estimated separately to investigate the impact of transitions between employment states on wellbeing years (WELLBYs) for all countries, and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for three countries with available data. Additionally, a pooled country analysis investigates the potentially modifying effects of specific welfare state expenditures on wellbeing. Transitions from employment to unemployment negatively impacted health and wellbeing in all countries and for both genders, as expected. However, substantial between-country variation was observed. For example, the negative impact of transitions into unemployment for males in the UK was more than double the equivalent estimate for Australian. Gender differences in estimates were also less pronounced in Australia compared to the UK. Government spending on passive labour market policies (e.g. unemployment benefits) were estimated to be beneficial to health across the working-age population, whether or not individuals were affected by an employment state transition. The estimated monetary value of addressing wellbeing impact of unemployment was substantially larger than the equivalent figure for health impacts. Welfare state policies influence the negative impact of unemployment on health and wellbeing. Specific welfare state expenditures can be altered to modify these impacts and reduce the substantial costs of unemployment.

This chapter introduces employee welfare as welfare beyond the welfare state. Following on from Brandes’s and Jacoby’s studies of US company welfare schemes and Dore’s conceptualisations of Japanese employment models, the chapter places employee welfare within the context of welfare states and the employment relationship in Germany and the UK. Employee welfare is understood here as any means of welfare provided by companies to employees on and above wages, which aims at the improvement of an employee’s physical and mental well-being. The chapter argues that this concept of employee welfare is required to account for welfare effects on relatives of employees and to challenge the dominant attention paid to states in welfare research. Such research argues that states have been the main providers of welfare, not least because of their expansion in the post-Second World War period. Companies first complemented the welfare state at the micro level by supporting, with employee welfare, the formation of the modern employment relationship (nineteenth century). Employee welfare was a prominent feature of the Fordist employment model (post-war period) and is currently in tune with the welfare state’s greater emphasis on individual responsibilities. Both British and German companies have provided similar employee welfare benefits in order to fulfil these three roles. Together with the significance of welfare beyond the welfare state, this similarity of benefits is the book’s foundation on which to historically trace employee welfare, arguing for a co-evolutionary relationship with welfare states, and reconceptualising current typologies of capitalist and welfare systems.

This paper tests whether effects of individual characteristics on redistributive preferences are constant across ideological subgroups. Using data from the U.S. General Social Surveys, we estimate ordered probit models for a full pooled sample, and liberal, moderate, and conservative subsamples. Wide cleavages in redistributive attitudes between liberals and conservatives, and between Democrats and Republicans are observed. Substantial gaps between Democrats and Republicans persist within ideological subgroups. Attitudinal differences across social classes exist for conservatives and moderates, but not liberals. Among moderates and conservatives, blacks are more likely than whites to support government redistribution. No black-white gap is observed among liberals. Though conservative women are more likely than conservative men to support major government involvement in redistribution, no gender gap emerges for liberals or moderates. Full sample results suggest that education has no discernible impact on redistributive attitudes, but subsample results strongly suggest that a college degree reinforces ideological effects.

PART 1: WELFARE THEORY Concepts and Issues The Welfare State in Historical Perspective - Asa Briggs Remembering and Rethinking the Social Divisions of Welfare: 50 years on - Kirk Mann Common Goals but Different Roles: The state's contribution to the welfare mix - Richard Rose Reasons for Welfare - Robert Goodin, Bruce Headey, Ruud Muffels and Henk-Jan Dirven Perspectives on Welfare - Alan Deacon Theoretical perspectives Ideologies of Welfare - Vic George & Paul Wilding The Origins of the Welfare State - Ian Gough Freedom and Progress - H Macmillan Is This Still Capitalism? - Anthony Crosland Postmodernism, Welfare and Radical Politics - Tony Fitzpatrick Social Problems - Rudolf Klein O'Goffe's Tale, Or What Can We Learn from the Success of the Capitalist Welfare States? Constructing Social Problem - N Manning A Taxonomy of Social Need - Jonathan Bradshaw Deprivation - Peter Townsend Social Exclusion in Europe: Policy context and analytical framework - Jos Berghman Community Care and the Family: A case for equal opportunities - Janet Finch and Dulcie Groves Social Divisions Introduction to Social Divisions - Geoff Payne Women, Economic Dependency and Citizenship - Ruth Lister The Social Creation of Poverty and Dependence in Old Age - Alan Walker Race, Welfare and Community Care: A historical perspective - Fiona Williams The Development of Rights Based Social Policy in the European Union: The example of disability rights - Deborah Mabbett PART 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF WELFARE Historical Rise/Explanations Welfare, Redistribution and Solidarity - Peter Baldwin Power, Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship: Social rights during sickness in eighteen OECD countries since 1930 - Walter Korpi What We Know About the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and historical research in comparative and historical perspective - Edwin Amenta The New Politics of the Welfare State - Paul Pierson Radical Welfare State Retrenchment - Peter Starke Regimes The Three Political Economies of the Welfare State - Gosta Esping-Andersen Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or More? A state-of-the-art report - Will Arts and John Gelissen Welfare-state Decommodification in 18 OECD Countries: A replication and revision - Lyle Scruggs and James Allan Shifting the Wheat from the Chaff: A two-dimensional discriminant analysis of welfare state regime theory - Clare Bambra Do Welfare State Regimes Determine Public Sector Reforms? Choice reforms in American, Swedish and German schools - Michael Klitgaard Social Democratic Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies: A Preliminary Comparative Framework - Walter Korpi Politics Against Markets - Gosta Esping-Andersen What Characterise the Nordic Welfare State Model - Bent Greve The Path-Dependency of an Idea: Why Scandinavian welfare states remain distinct - Robert Cox Modern Social Democracy and European Welfare State Reform - Jochen Clasen The Welfare State We're In - James Bartholomew How to Design a Liberal Welfare State: A comparison of Canada and the United States - John Myles Is the American Welfare State Unusually Small? - Christopher Howard Privatizing Risk without Privatizing the Welfare State: The hidden politics of social policy retrenchment in the United States - Jacob Hacker Continental Social Capitalism: A study of Christian democracy and the welfare state - Kees van Kersbergen Vice into Virtue? Progressive Politics of Welfare Reform in Continental Europe - Jonah Levy From a Frozen Landscape to Structural Reforms: The sequential transformation of Bismarckian welfare systems - Bruno Palier & Claude Martin Frozen Landscapes' Revisited: Path creation in the European social model - Stephan Lessenich The Christian Democratic Welfare States of Northern Europe - Evelyne Huber & John Stephens Other Welfare Regimes The Southern Model of Welfare in Social Europe - Maurizio Ferrera The Path to European Integration: A historical institutionalist analysis - Paul Pierson East Asian Welfare Regimes: Testing the hypothesis of the developmental welfare state - Yih-Jiunn Lee & Yeun-wen Ku Rethinking the Western Construction of the Welfare State - Alan Walker & Chack Kie Wong Welfare Regimes in Development Contexts: A global and regional analysis - Ian Gough et al PART 3: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF WELFARE Demographic Pressures Demography and Social Development - Bo Malmberg A Profile of Older Europeans - Alan Walker & Tony Maltby Dimensions of the Pension Problem: Institutions, economics and politics - Giuliano Boloni Gender and Welfare State Change - Jane Lewis Family Policy in Britain, France and Germany - Linda Hantrais Economic Trends The Political Economy of the World's Capitalisms - Will Hutton Round Up the Usual Suspects! Globalization, domestic politics and welfare state change - Herman Schwartz The Logic of Globalisation and the Changing Context of the Welfare State - Ramesh Mishra Economic Crisis and its Social Impacts: Lessons from the 1997 Asian economic crisis - M Ramesh Politics and Policy Debates A Theory of Human Need - Len Doyal and Ian Gough Knights, Knaves and Pawns: Human behaviour in social policy - Julian le Grand Agency, Modernity and Social Policy - Alan Deacon & Kirk Mann Choice and Values: Individualised rational action and social goals - Peter Taylor-Gooby The Body in Social Policy: Mapping a Territory - Julia Twigg Service Users, Social Policy and the Future of Welfare - Peter Beresford International Agencies Globalization, Supranationalism and Social Policy - Patricia Kennett The Making of Post-Communist Social Policy: The role of international agencies - Bob Deacon and Michelle Hulse Globalisation and Social Policy: From national hegemony to political pluralism - Nicola Yeates Human Well-Being and Social Structures: Relating the universal and the local - Ian Gough Postscript Postscript in Social Policy - Richard Titmuss

By now, the idea that marketization can induce nonprofit mission drift seems common knowledge. However, there is limited insight to what extent this argument holds across (a) different aspects of nonprofit marketization and (b) different organizational, sectoral, and welfare state contexts. Drawing on survey data collected among nonprofit executives across three different welfare state regimes, this study examines to what extent nonprofit marketization is related to a critical manifestation of mission drift: nonprofit creaming behavior. Best understood as nonprofits prioritizing more easy-to-serve clients over those with more complex needs, we find that nonprofit creaming behavior is (a) to different extents reported by one out of five nonprofits surveyed and (b) positively associated with resource competition and commercial venturing regardless of the organizational, sectoral, and/or welfare state context. Accordingly, our findings constitute a universal warning for nonprofit marketization adherents.