City Planner as a Mediator

448 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE intracity Los Angeles Railway prospered. He reinvested profits in new technology which made travel faster and cheaper. Meanwhile, he profited from natural gas piped from Kern County and hydroelectric power he produced for his cars. Huntington was also a collector, and it was George Ellery Hale who persuaded him to bring his books and paintings to San Marino and set up a trust for their future use by the public and scholars. Character­ istically, Huntington collected books, manuscripts, and paintings in ways similar to his business methods. He bought whole libraries, hired the best agents to find what he wanted, spent lavishly, and shrewdly timed his successful acquisitions. In researching the achievements of this remarkable pioneer, Friedricks used the recently opened Huntington business papers at the world-famous library as well as other primary materials. Other books, most notably Spencer Crump’s Ride the Big Red Cars, have covered the Pacific Electric story, but this is the first work to cover in detail the full scope of Huntington’s development of the region. The book includes several interpretive maps, charts, and photographs, indispensable for a subject tied to local geography and technology. John E. Baur Dr. Baur is professor of history at California State University, Northridge. He has published four books and numerous articles on California and the West. Constructing Urban Culture: American Cities and City Planning, 1800— 1920. By Stanley K. Schultz. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989. Pp. xviii + 275; illustrations, notes, index. $34.95. In Constructing Urban Culture: American Cities and City Planning, 1800—1920, Stanley Schultz stands the traditional interpretation of the origins of American city planning on its head. He argues that, long before Burnham and Olmstead laid out the plans for Chicago’s World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, sanitarians, landscape archi­ tects, municipal engineers, novelists, and others had established the conceptual foundations of the planning movement and had begun engaging in the activities of the planning profession intended to rationalize, humanize, and rehabilitate cities. Rather than represent­ ing the start of something new, the White City was the culmination of existing ideas and techniques, an event that marked the maturity of planning as an approach to dealing with the long-term problems associated with industrialization and city growth. Schultz traces the origins of planning back to the utopian writers and secular and religious utopian community builders who, as early as 1802, began exploring the possibilities of perfecting human society in response to industrial and technological development. Following an overview of the development of the city’s police powers and other TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 449 aspects of municipal law, Schultz argues that the sanitary reform movement set in motion the conceptual and institutional forces that would ultimately produce modern planning organizations. By the late 1840s, sanitarians were agitating for a range of improvements in the urban landscape closely identified with modern city planning, such as street cleaning, pure water supply, and sewerage. Sanitarianism in turn gave rise to the municipal engineering and public health professions. As they entered city government to construct public works and otherwise improve living conditions during the second half of the 19th century, municipal engineers and public health profes­ sionals created the legal, institutional, and philosophical apparatuses that would form the foundations of the city planning bureaucracy of the 20th century. This brief summary of Constructing Urban Culture does not dojustice to it. Schultz has packed the book with interesting, thought-provoking material. His revisionist interpretation of the origins of planning makes the book an important addition to the literature on the history of city planning. But his contribution to the literature is much greater than this. Schultz has succeeded in synthesizing an enormous amount of original research with ideas and concepts drawn from recently published historians, like Hendrik Hartog, Joel Tarr, and Jon Peter­ son, whose work has illuminated aspects of the history of city planning, like the role of the law, municipal engineering, and public works development in the development of the urban environment, that have only recently begun to command the attention they deserve. With its wealth of citations of original 19th-century primary sources, as well as of this...

The features of the general plans of new cities that were built in the USSR in 1960–1980s are studied. The features of the general plans of such cities were due to the fact that the construction of the city was caused by the construction of an industrial facility. The plans were commissioned not by local authorities, but by the directorates of the enterprises under construction or by central departmental institutions. The customers financed the development of master plans. This approach led to a lag in the design of housing and public facilities. The main normative acts on master plans are identified, the state bodies that issued them are indicated. The order of coordination and approval of general plans of cities is studied. The order of approval of master plans of new cities was the same as that of the capitals of the Union republics. The volume of materials that were included in the master plan of the city was analyzed. A reference plan of a new city was developed to accelerate urban planning. Design organizations from all over the country were involved in drawing up master plans of new cities. Master plans of new cities were given great importance. They reflected the requirements to ensure comfortable living conditions for the employees of enterprises, population resettlement in the territory of the country, application of advanced construction and architectural solutions. Master plans of new cities were not only technical, but also legal documents.

KEYWORD: city planning; city construction ABSTRACT: City planning is a subject to deal with the city and the engineering construction, economy, society, land using layout of its nearby areas. Besides, it is to predict the future development. City planning can disclose the developmental overview and regularity of a city to some extend, which is a blueprint to a city's developmental planning. A better planning can bring a g ood scenery to a city. It can also provide a developmental direction for a city in some ways at the same time. The thesis aims to illustrate a good city planning can have positive promoting functions to a city's construction by introducing the city planning features of Qingdao in German occupation period and it summarizes the enlightenments brought to Taiyuan's present city construction.

Reviewed by: The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840–1917 Sara E. Wermiel (bio) The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840–1917. By Jon A. Peterson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Pp. xxi+431. $59.95. The history of city planning in the United States is a topic that would seem to fall within the area of study dealing with urban infrastructure and technology. After all, the purpose of a city plan, according to Jon Peterson, is to help the public exercise "general multipurpose control of the city's future growth" (p. 35)—and infrastructural development is a tool of this control. Peterson found that few engineers were involved in city planning at its inception. Nevertheless, historians of technology may find this book of interest because it tells a detailed story of the social construction of an important artifact (the city plan) and how a technical field (city planning) emerged. It is thoroughly researched, its arguments are clear, and it is well designed and illustrated. It should prove useful for teaching about industrialization and urbanization, to which city planning was a response—an effort to shape urban growth in the public interest. To begin, Peterson describes his subject, city planning, as being a distinct field of endeavor and historical phenomenon. Its defining feature is the comprehensive city plan, a document or artifact that presents an overall vision for a city. Before 1900, such documents did not exist, although various movements had the shaping of urban settlements as their goal. What distinguishes the earlier efforts from city planning is that they had a single focus or else were piecemeal and lacked a comprehensive vision. Comprehensiveness is the sine qua non of city planning. Special-purpose reform efforts that antedated city planning were responses to the growth and concentration of population and business that began to overwhelm municipal infrastructure and traditional methods for coping. Of these special-purpose projects, the ones that contributed most to the formation of city planning were those dealing with sanitation (water supply, sewerage), parks, and civic art. The City Beautiful movement was particularly important; images of attractive, orderly city centers encouraged Americans to think that cities could express the common purposes of their residents. The flowering of this movement set the stage for public [End Page 674] acceptance of the nation's first comprehensive city plan: the McMillan Plan for Washington, D.C., issued in 1902, which combined civic center development with planning for parks and other goals. Although this influential document arose from unique and contingent circumstances, for Peterson the "story of the McMillan Plan . . . is the foundation story of American city planning" (p. 78). In the third part of his book, Peterson recounts in fascinating detail how men and women crafted something conceptually new out of disparate movements. Their ideas took root because of a receptive Progressive Era environment—"the complex drift of late-nineteenth-century public thought away from competitive and individualistic ethics toward more altruistic, cooperative values" (p. 101). One of the contingent developments in the emergence of city planning was the preference of its founders for administrative commissions or boards rather than city departments, which had budgets to build things. This created a fatal contradiction: planners and planning commissions made big plans, but had little or no power to implement them. Because few city plans were carried out as originally conceived, Peterson concludes that city planning was unworkable. Rather, he argues, planners resorted to "opportunistic interventionism" or piecemeal actions, which comprehensive plans had been created to replace. This and other factors—fragmentation of the core-centered city, vanishing faith in a unitary public good—led to city planning's eventual demise: "As a field premised on a comprehensive vision," Peterson writes, "[city planning] no longer exists" (p. xvii). One can be completely convinced by Peterson's analysis of what did and did not contribute to the origins of city planning, and one can also acknowledge the weakness of planning in the United States, and yet still disagree with this conclusion. That city plans are not carried out all at once, or only parts are completed before they are revised, does not mean that they do...

National Municipal ReviewVolume 1, Issue 2 p. 231-235 Article General planning board for metropolitan Boston Mr. John Nolen, Mr. John Nolen Mr. Nolen, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a member of the Metropolitan plan commission, the work of which he describes. He is the author of a series of reports on city plans and planning, which have attained a high place in the literature of this subject and is also the editor of Repton's Art of Landscape Architecture.Search for more papers by this author Mr. John Nolen, Mr. John Nolen Mr. Nolen, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a member of the Metropolitan plan commission, the work of which he describes. He is the author of a series of reports on city plans and planning, which have attained a high place in the literature of this subject and is also the editor of Repton's Art of Landscape Architecture.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1912 https://doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4110010209 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1, Issue2April 1912Pages 231-235 RelatedInformation

The first period of development of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) has been underway in the Czech Republic since 2015. The SUMP concept brings a different approach to transport planning in cities – from formulation of visions to goals and measures supporting the sustainable urban mobility vision. In contrast to “traditional” transport planning, more attention is paid to demand management rather than only the transport supply side. At the same time, cities have been developing their Smart City strategies. Logically, they both need to be coordinated and in compliance with each other.Further development of smart measures can significantly influence not only the way to reach the preferred sustainable mobility visions, but the future itself. In our research, we analysed approaches and attitudes of key stakeholders to further development of sustainable urban mobility and possible paths for achieving it.Our research is based on data collected using structured interviews with 45 key stakeholders in the field of urban mobility in Czech cities, which were further analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The paper summarizes the methodology used and main results of this research with a special focus on the Smart City context.

Judging by the publication of text books it was not until the latter part of the 20th century that the need for engineering geological factors to be considered in the planning, construction and running of cities gained recognition. That is not to say that information about the ground conditions was not considered in the design and construction of buildings and infrastructure or that ground conditions did not exert a control, in some cases decisive, over the locations and type of construction in developed areas, but there appear to be few cases in which thought was given to the sources of energy, water and construction materials, the safe disposal of wastes and the risks posed by hazards in the overall planning of cities. On the other hand, governmental authorities have a responsibility to undertake such planning, although they may lack the means of effectively achieving this. One of the main objectives of the Session of the IAE2006 Congress concerned with resources for the city was to highlight these issues and assist engineering geologists and planners appreciate the importance of knowledge of the ground conditions and geological processes in the planning and development of urban areas. The contents of the 40 papers submitted to the Session are briefly summarized and reviewed in this paper. The majority of the papers cover the supply of water, construction materials and waste disposal facilities for rapidly growing cities in newly industrialising countries, whereas fewer deal with the supply of materials for restoration and renovation of existing structures, re-use of previously developed land and underground facilities in older established cities. The monitoring, decommissioning and remediation of landfills, the re-use of existing foundations in new development, the reclamation of quarries and the evaluation of rock materials for fills are not directly addressed in the papers, in spite of the importance of these topics in efforts to improve the sustainability of developments. This paper includes a critique of a set of papers that provides examples of the applications of engineering geological data and knowledge of geological processes to the evaluation, supply and management of resources for cities at different stages of development. Improving the planning and operation of cities, requires wide dissemination and adoption of the concepts covered in the Session, as reviewed in this paper. The session was chaired by Daniel Morfeldt of Mine Consult, Stockholm, Sweden.

GENERAL STRATEGIC CITY PLANNING DESIGNING AND PROBLEMS OF PLANNING MANAGEMENT FOR SETTLING (the second part : problems, hindrances concerning their solution, actual targets and technological demands to the content of city planning documentations)

The development of modern cities is a complex living organism that includes both main zones of the city – central and peripheral. The most evident development is mainly in the peripheral zones which is caused by the enlargement of the cities. In case of development is important not to forget to the total development, because cities must work as one complex, in which every change is related to everything (for example these all are connected: road and technical infrastructure, residential, commercial and office buildings, industry zone, etc.). Primary tool for city planning is city plan and another city planning documentation, which determines the direction of development of partial city zones. But in case of development of cities exist many elements, which slow down the development. These include bad city plan, which should be appropriate for the development of the city, but often it’s not, and it is not able to react promptly to city situation. This situation is often inappropriate in designed or stabilised city zones. The result of a poor city plan is unusable city zones (land), which are either completely blocked, or there is only conditional use of these zones. These conditional use is not directly in concordance with city plan and expected development. Brno is the second biggest city in the Czech Republic, but there are big problems with city plan, moreover that Brno has old city plan, there are problems with land use and other limits which are created by collision of city plan and other limits set by any authorities. One of the biggest problem is connected to flood limits and collisions with city plan. The aim of this paper is in analysis of Brno designed residential zones and deduce the index of development level for parts of the city. The methodology is based on comparison of actual city zones in city plan and in the detection of blocked zones (plots) by any limits. The result of this paper is in given index of development based on ratio of blocked and no blocked plots by a found limit. This paper is aimed to limits of Brno city plan and possible influence of monitored limits to development index. Main focus of this paper is to residential zones, analysis of land intended for residential buildings and its limits. The outputs of this paper are useful for private/public sector and their decision making in investment and city planning.

GENERAL STRATEGIC CITY PLANNING DESIGNING AND PROBLEMS OF PLANNING MANAGEMENT FOR SETTLING (the first part: how to overcome the theoretic-methodological and planner-methodological crisis)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the legal conditions under which governments may use green artificial intelligence (AI) in city planning. Although Japan was one of the early countries to release its general AI principles, it has been relatively slow in establishing conditions where administrative agencies may use AI. Granted, there have been some recent scholarship that discusses the usage of AI in general under Japanese administrative law, but the use of green AI in city planning under Japanese law has not yet been discussed. Hence, this paper intends to focus on green AI in city planning and discuss the conditions for usage based on different categories of AI.Design/methodology/approachThis paper conducts a legal analysis on the utilization of AI for the purpose of sustainable city planning and administration in Japan. The approach of this paper is to summarize the existing scholarship in Japanese administrative law and analyse the new elements in the new field of green AI in city planning. This paper is not a natural science paper. The social science method of jurisprudence is used. This paper cites only public sources, and no informal literature has been referenced.FindingsThis paper establishes the conditions where Japanese central and local government may use green AI in city planning from a legal viewpoint based on three categories. The categories are green AI usage in city planning concerning things, green AI usage in city planning concerning people and green AI usage in city planning concerning automated decision-making.Research limitationsThis research is limited to an analysis of Japanese law, which means that issues other than law are not included in this paper. Further, although general legal issues are discussed, this paper is intended to discuss Japanese law issues only, and foreign laws are not discussed. Therefore, this paper mostly cites Japanese language papers published in domestic journals.Practical implicationsThe intended practical implication of this paper is to allow central and local governments to determine – based on the proposed categories – whether green AI can be used for city planning purposes and under which conditions. The authors hope that this will assist the Japanese government in establishing rules on the usage of AI by governmental agencies and allow for the greater actual usage by Japanese central and local governments of green AI in future city planning.Social implicationsAs the theme of this paper deals with governmental use (and the function of a government is to serve society), the social implications at issue can be said to be equivalent to the practical implication.Originality/valueThere have been articles discussing Japanese administrative law restrictions on AI in general. However, as of now, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there have been no articles published focusing on green AI used for city planning. The authors note that the green AI used for city planning would have different legal implications from AI’s usage by the government in general, such as the chatbot used by the agencies or lethal autonomous weapons by the military force. Therefore, this paper is original in focusing on green AI used for city planning.

Thus far, research on modern city planning in China has focused on international cities such as Shanghai and colonial cities such as Tsingtao. Such urban areas have been considered as representing the highest level of modern Chinese city planning; however, they were simply mirroring cities in the West. Researchers are now noticing that some other cities such as Nantong and Tianshui have taken a more domestic approach to city planning; however, they have not conducted systematic studies.Zhang Jian was responsible for the great achievements that were made in city planning in modern Nantong from 1895 to 1926. This paper analyzes the city planning history of modern Nantong, summarizes Zhang′s city planning thoughts, and examines how it has inspired contemporary city planning by investigating historical remains, interviewing experts in Zhang research, and reviewing Zhang′s writings.Zhang’s success demonstrates that it is feasible to develop advanced theory and define local city planning characteristics. The formation of Zhang’s city planning thoughts serves as an appropriate example for the development of a contemporary Chinese city planning system in academia.

In order to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on urban transportation and provide policy recommendations for city and transportation planning and management under the normalization of the pandemic, this article conducted an online survey to examine urban mobility change in Beijing. Combined with the current status of transportation operations, this article studied the opportunities and challenges faced by future urban transportation planning, construction and management. The results show that the travel numbers declined during the pandemic and people prefer to travel by cars and bicycles. In the end, this article put forward reflections on city planning and transportation system including creating an efficient life and commuting circle, reshaping the street space to be more friendly for active mobility, building the on-demand and resilient transportation system and promoting the integration of advanced technologies and traffic governance to enhance the resilience of transports system and achieve the smooth operation of urban transportation.

Logistics in transport considers the physical structure of a city as given and tries to optimize the performance of companies or the transportation system within the given conditions. On the other side, companies choose their location under the given conditions and the expected changes and influence the structure of the city and its economy in a continuous way. City and transport planning methods have not considered these effects in their work so far and are therefore influenced by the driving forces of the economy of scale and demand oriented traffic growth. The introduction of principles of logistics into the early stages of land use and city planning would change the “given conditions” and open the path for a more sustainable development, with more pressure for innovation and fairness in the market.

Urbanisation, planification urbaine et modèles de ville en Afrique de l"Ouest