City of Sediments: A History of Seoul in the Age of Colonialism by Se-Mi Oh (review)

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 354:133-139 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07216 Effect of colony size and age on resource allocation between growth and reproduction in the corals Goniastrea aspera and Favites chinensis Sayaka Kai*, Kazuhiko Sakai Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan *Email: k058553@eve.u-ryukyu.ac.jp ABSTRACT: The effect of colony size and age on growth and sexual reproduction was examined by taking small-sized fragments from large mature donor colonies of Goniastrea aspera and Favites chinensis. Both species are massive colonial corals in the family Faviidae. Monopolyp and oligopolyp (5 to 8 polyps) fragments were established. The fragments were cultured in running seawater aquaria for 22 mo, and growth and gamete production were measured. In both species, monopolyp fragments had higher growth rates than oligopolyp fragments. F. chinensis had higher growth rates than G. aspera in both fragment sizes. Polyps tended to bud when there was open space, and smaller colonies had higher growth rates, probably because the polyps of smaller colonies had more open space. In G. aspera, both the monopolyp and oligopolyp fragments produced gametes, whereas in F. chinensis, neither type of fragment produced gametes. These results suggest that sexual maturity is determined by colony age in G. aspera and by colony size in F. chinensis. Our results also suggest that polyps are integrated at the colony level. Polyp integration activity in a colony may be determined by the age of the colony in G. aspera and by the size of the colony in F. chinensis, likely maximizing colony fitness. KEY WORDS: Resource allocation · Colonial corals · Growth · Reproduction · Colony size · Colony age · Integration Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Kai S, Sakai K (2008) Effect of colony size and age on resource allocation between growth and reproduction in the corals Goniastrea aspera and Favites chinensis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 354:133-139. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07216 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 354. Online publication date: February 07, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2008 Inter-Research.

Isotopic fractionation by saprotrophic microfungi: Effects of species, temperature and the age of colonies

in the previous chapter we examined the ‘age of colonialism’ and noted that historians are divided about the impact of the West on the histories of East and Southeast Asian societies. Some historians have argued that it is incorrect to interpret the history of East and Southeast Asia, from 1498 to the mid-1950s, as nothing more than the history of European colonialism, with the history of East and Southeast Asia limited to a response to this external influence. This view, they argue, ignores the internal historical forces and social structures that existed in East and Southeast Asia prior to European intervention and which persisted largely untouched throughout the ‘age of colonialism’. Other historians have pointed to the dramatic and long-term consequences of European colonialism in East and Southeast Asia, and argue that it is appropriate both to talk of an ‘age of colonialism’ and to read the history of East and Southeast Asia from this perspective. Although some historians speak of the ‘age of colonialism’ as though it is an historical period whose dominant characteristic is European colonialism, control of East and Southeast Asia by European colonial powers was in fact sporadic and quite limited during most of this period. European colonial power did not peak until the latter half of the nineteenth century and, even then, some societies in the region managed to avoid direct colonisation.

Microorganisms that survive in natural environments form organized multicellular communities, biofilms and colonies with specific properties. During stress and nutrient limitation, slow growing and senescent cells in such communities retain vital processes by maintaining plasma membrane integrity and retaining the ability to generate transmembrane electrochemical gradients. We report the use of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonial model to show that population growth in a multicellular community depends on nutrient diffusion and that resting cells start to accumulate from the beginning of the second acidic phase of colony development. Despite differentiation of colony members, synchronous transmembrane potential oscillation was detected in the organized colony. The electrochemical membrane potential periodically oscillated at frequencies between those for circadian to infradian rhythms during colony aging and transiently decreased at time points previously linked with rebuilding of yeast metabolism. Despite extensive decreases in the intracellular ATP concentration and in the amount and activity of the plasma membrane proton pump during nutrient limited growth and colony aging, the transmembrane electrochemical potential appeared to be maintained above a level critical for population survival.

Aerosolization of fungal spores from moldy surfaces can cause adverse health effects. The spores of an older colony are more easily detached than those of a younger colony. When the growth age of a colony is known, the aerosolization of spores can be more accurately predicted. This study proposed the adoption of respiratory intensity as an indicator of the growth age of Aspergillus niger colonies. Respiratory intensity is the mass of carbon dioxide produced by the respiration of a colony per unit quantity of spores within a certain time. Two types of colonies, with homogeneous and heterogeneous age distributions, were aerosolized in a wind tunnel to determine the spore release proportion and validate the method. The results revealed that the respiratory intensity of the homogeneous colony is closely correlated with the growth age when the age of the colony is less than 14 days under standard growth conditions. The spore release proportion increases with the growth age and the blowing speed. The predicted spore release proportion for a heterogeneous colony is more precise when the colony is divided into multiple sub-colonies to characterize the growth age for each individual spore release proportion. The relative errors of the predicted spore release proportions as compared with the test values were less than 10%.

In the theridiid spider, Anelosimus studiosus, most juveniles remain in their natal web, forming temporary colonies in which individuals cooperate in web maintenance and prey capture until they disperse at maturity. There is natural variation in age at dispersal, and subadult spiders removed from their natal webs build webs and continue to develop. To explore the costs and benefits of delayed dispersal, we compared the rate of prey capture and developmental rate for individuals in colonies and those isolated at the fourth instar. Rate of prey capture by colonies increased with colony size and age; this result was driven primarily by the enhanced capture of large prey by larger and older colonies. The presence of juveniles increased the overall productivity of webs, an effect which remained after the juveniles were removed from the web. Despite the overall increase in prey capture, per-individual prey capture decreased with colony size. The variance in prey capture success decreased significantly with colony size, but not with colony age. Spiders in colonies captured more prey per juvenile than singletons experimentally dispersed at the fourth instar; however, this did not result in increased development rate of colonial juveniles over isolated juveniles. These data suggest that juvenile A. studiosus benefit from delayed dis- persal by acquiring more resources and acquiring them more steadily. The productivity of webs of females whose juveniles were removed at the fourth instar remained higher than those of similarly aged females who never produced juveniles. This suggests that delayed dispersal of juveniles enhances the resources which the female could allocate to her next egg mass.

Senescence may evolve in response to externally imposed schedules of survival and reproduction. It may result from cumulative damage to several tissues and organs leading to the progressive malfunction of somatic defences including the immune system, which is a relevant and accessible trait to study the evolution and the mechanisms of senescence. In social insects, reproduction of workers is negligible and their fitness relies on the colony reproductive success, which depends on workers’ longevity. Consequently, evolution of senescence in workers will rely on age‐dependent survival rate and the residual reproductive value of the colony. Using the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris , as model system, we investigated changes in constitutive and inducible immune defences. Such changes were monitored in relation to worker age and colony age and as well under a high, persistent level of parasitism. The results show that the inducible production of antibacterial peptides was not affected by the age of individual worker or the age of their colony. In contrast, constitutive defences such as haemocyte density and phenoloxidase (PO) activity decline with individual worker age and potential accumulation of physiological defects due to high and persistent levels of parasitism did not explain this pattern of immunosenescence. Interestingly, levels of worker constitutive defences were found to increase with colony age. We found antibacterial activity was strongly traded‐off against PO activity. Such a relationship was not caused by resource shortage. Overall, these data suggest that patterns of variation of immune defences with worker age and colony age are likely the result of plastic temporal adjustments of immune responses in accordance with life history predictions. Hence, control of pathogenic threat in a social system may involve optimal adjustments of immune defences at both the individual and colony levels.

We quantified the relationships of colony-level factors (number of workers and colony age) with task performance by workers of the bumble bee Bombus bifarius. Worker's age of first foraging decreased as their colonies aged, which may have caused the observed decrease in worker longevity with colony age. Daily variation in colony nectar foraging rates was related to the number of active foragers, while pollen foraging rates corresponded more strongly with variation in numbers of adult workers. Rates of brood care behavior decreased as the colonies aged, but rates of thermoregulatory behavior (incubation and fanning) did not decrease over time. We conclude that rates of performing some tasks (pollen foraging, brood care) were largely determined by changes in colony demography or correlated variables, while rates of performance of other tasks (nectar foraging, thermoregulation) depended more on external environmental conditions. Most workers switched between two foraging tasks (pollen and nectar collection) and among several in-nest tasks. However, some foragers specialized by focusing their effort on either nectar or pollen. Other workers specialized on in-nest tasks by performing thermoregulatory behavior (incubation and fanning) at significantly higher rates than their nestmates. The task specialists contributed disproportionate amounts of labor to their colonies. Task specialization indicates that workers were not identical in their responses to variation in colony need.

Summary Colony defense in some aphids is performed by sterile soldiers but in others by monomorphic larvae of a specific instar stage. This paper, focusing on a galling aphid Hemipodaphis persimilis with monomorphic defensive first instars, examined the mechanism by which the proportion of defenders is regulated in the colonies. Demographic analyses showed that the ratios of first instars (defenders) were kept constantly high (58% on average) from mid June to late September. High proportions of first instars could be explained by consistently high birth rates (birth rate hypothesis) or by a prolonged duration of the first instar stage (instar span hypothesis). With the progress of colony age, the mature‐embryo content of apterous adults, used as an index of the birth rate, decreased and the proportions of advanced instars increased. These results did not support the birth rate hypothesis. By contrast, calculation of a newly proposed index, the molting rate, showed that the duration of the first‐instar stage was short in incipient galls but became longer with colony age. The duration of other instar stages was always kept short. These results corroborate the instar span hypothesis and suggest that the prolongation of the first‐instar stage is an adaptive mechanism by which the defender ratio is kept high in mature colonies where the birth rate is declining. The frequency of aggressive behavior in first instars increased from incipient to mature galls. Seasonal changes in the instar span and aggressiveness of first instars suggest that in H. persimilis colonies there is a strategic shift from the reproductive to defensive phase with colony age.

Effects of wind, relative humidity, leaf movement and colony age on dispersal of conidia of <i>Uncinula necator</i>, causal agent of grape powdery mildew

Development of harvester ant colonies alters soil chemistry

Bumble bees exhibit worker size polymorphisms; highly related workers within a colony may vary up to 10-fold in body mass. As size variation is an important life history feature in bumble bees, the distribution of body sizes within the colony and how it fluctuates over the colony cycle were analysed.Ten commercially purchased colonies of Bombus impatiens (Cresson) were reared in ad libitum conditions. The size of all workers present and newly emerging workers (callows) was recorded each week.The average size of bumble bee workers did not change with colony age, but variation in body size tended to decrease over time. The average size of callows did not change with population size, but did tend to decrease with colony age. In all measures, there was considerable variation among colonies.Colonies of B. impatiens usually produced workers with normally distributed body sizes throughout the colony life cycle. Unlike most polymorphic ants, there was no increase in worker body size with colony age or colony size. This provides the first, quantitative data on the ontogeny of bumble bee worker size distribution. The potential adaptive significance of this size variation is discussed.

At about age 5 years, colonies of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, begin to produce winged, sexual forms (alates) that mate in large annual aggregations. We examined how colony age and neighborhood density affect the numbers, body mass, and body fat of alates produced by 172 colonies ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. Over one-third (36%) of all colonies produced no alates. Failure to reproduce was independent of colony age. Of those colonies that did produce alates, older colonies produced more alates than younger colonies. Older colonies produced lighter female alates (in dry mass), but the total biomass of additional alates produced by older colonies far outweighed the reduced allocation to female alate body mass. Body fat content was much higher in female alates (36.0% on average) than in males (3.7% on average). Alate body fat content was not related to colony age. The fitness of female alates may be related to their fresh body mass; that of females captured after mating and reared in the laboratory was positively correlated with egg-laying rate, although not with the total number of eggs in the first brood. Neighborhood density was not related to alate number, mass, or fat content, in contrast to the results of a 1995 study at the site, in which alate numbers were negatively related to neighborhood density. Thus the influence of crowding on reproductive output appears to vary from year to year, perhaps in response to variation in rainfall and food supply. Alate output by individual colonies was correlated among years. These results suggest that a few, older colonies dominate the pool of reproductives year after year.

We present the spatiotemporal metabolic differentiation of yeast cell subpopulations from upper, lower, and margin regions of colonies of different ages, based on comprehensive transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, the analysis was extended to include smaller cell subpopulations identified previously by microscopy within fully differentiated U and L cells of aged colonies. New data from RNA-seq provides both spatial and temporal information on cell metabolic reprogramming during colony ageing and shows that cells at marginal positions are similar to upper cells, but both these cell types are metabolically distinct from cells localized to lower colony regions. As colonies age, dramatic metabolic reprogramming occurs in cells of upper regions, while changes in margin and lower cells are less prominent. Interestingly, whereas clear expression differences were identified between two L cell subpopulations, U cells (which adopt metabolic profiles, similar to those of tumor cells) form a more homogeneous cell population. The data identified crucial metabolic reprogramming events that arise de novo during colony ageing and are linked to U and L cell colony differentiation and support a role for mitochondria in this differentiation process.

Reviewed by: Transculturality and the German Discourse in the Age of European Colonialism by Chunjie Zhang Christine Winter Transculturality and the German Discourse in the Age of European Colonialism. By Chunjie Zhang. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2017. Pp. 252. Cloth $99.95. ISBN 978-0810134782. Paper $34.95. ISBN 978-0810134775. This mature and well-researched book moves from the Pacific to Germany and traces encounters, meetings, and engagement of Germans and Pacific Islanders by analyzing the resulting entangled texts: travel writing, stage plays, and philosophical works. It asks how transculturality shaped discourses, culture, and thought in an evolving Germany. Chunjie Zhang thoroughly contextualizes and theorizes her approach. She analyzes not the making of German imperialism and its impact on a colonized world, but rather the impact of the Pacific on German culture, German nation building, and German ideas about itself and a wider world. She is, as the introduction states, "reading from the other side" (3). Reading this book from the perspective of the Global South is an intellectual delight. It resonates with innovative research on the distinctiveness and contribution of the South to the creation of knowledge, theories about human diversity, and ideas about community and nation building. Since the publication of sociologist Raewyn Connell's Southern Theory (2007) that argued for the appreciation of distinct Southern voices, namely those of the dispossessed non-Europeans, the debate has moved on to include the colonizers. Warwick Anderson, a scholar of race and ethnicity, has argued that the South draws theorists and scientists into engagements and thought that are different from the North, and are characterized by more fluid boundaries and fewer hierarchical constructions of human difference and diversity. Nicholas Thomas has theorized colonialism's culture and the entanglement of objects, and he argues that encounters remain part of dislocated objects though their appreciation changes in their move from the South to the metropol museums of the North and the Southern Settler nations (Entangled Objects, 1991; Colonialism's Culture, 1994). Chunjie Zhang's book extends this analysis to literature understood in a wide sense, and reappraises some core texts of German culture in a new and intellectually fascinating light. Chunjie Zhang problematizes claims that nation states and nationalism engaged with, or rather generated, imperial desires and colonial expansion. She turns this [End Page 145] analysis on its head through her focus on German cultures and discourses. Colonial voyages and the observations they generated informed German culture throughout the long process of nation building. The German case is therefore a case study Zhang employs to reexamine the connections of colonialism and the nation. Her analysis focuses on the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, a "period of tremendous transformation in German and European conceptions of identity and difference, of self and others" (3–4). The volume deals in six chapters with three different genres that, according to the author, represent three prominent cultural practices of this period with regard to cultural and geographic difference and diversity: observing and reporting; entertaining and educating; and philosophizing and shaping intellectual and public discourse. The first two chapters deal with the two great voyage accounts written by travelers of German heritage. George Foster, naturalist, Enlightenment scholar, and journalist, traveled with his father to the South Pacific on Captain James Cook's second voyage (1772–1775), and published his accounts in English and German. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and botanist, published on his voyage around the world, undertaken with a Russian expedition aboard the Rurik (1815–1818). Zhang opts to focus on these voyages due to their impact on German culture and their occurrence before the onset of European imperialism, although European interests and staging ports were already encroaching on the South Pacific. More importantly, both Foster and Chamisso were border crossers within Europe before and after their respective voyages. Their life-long experiences with otherness and willingness to engage make them ideal case studies for Zhang's analysis. Chapters 3 and 4 engage with the work of two writers who drew upon Foster's travel writings in imaginative ways, namely Joachim Heinrich Campe's adaptation of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe in Robinson der Jüngere (1779–1780), and some of the plays and...