Citizenship as a relational field: interests and identities across cleavages and seams

Implications of horizontal and vertical relationships on farmers performance in the Brazilian pork industry

This study through the notion of conventional thinking, seeks to understand and resolve the problem of fixed reproduction in the violence culture that is accepted in the name of voluntary compliance among college athletic departments. Violence in college athletic departments indicates that it acts as a mechanism for maintaining the pertinent group between a‘vertical relationship’ (i.e., leaders and athletes) and a‘horizontal relationship’(e.g., solidarity). The social actors performing the violence are reproduced through habitus embodied by the social condition and the environment according to their hierarchy. In other words, there exit a vertical and horizontal relationships among the college athletic departments from which athletes acquire the violence culture and change themselves as forwarders from beneficiaries. As a result, such a violence culture is inherited and simultaneously reproduced in the name of tradition. Therefore, paradigm shift should be made from the authoritarian vertical relationship to the universal relationship that values the respect for human ‘diversity’in order that the violence culture can be abolished. All human relationships in a democratic society must be guaranteed to have interchangeable and interdependable horizontal communication between the social members.

Due to decentralization, flat organizational structures and prevalence of team work, employees interact more frequently and intensively within horizontal relationships with coworkers than within vertical relationships with supervisors. The present study contributes to a more complete understanding of antecedents and outcomes of local, interpersonal workplace relationships by simultaneously investigating employee–supervisor and employee–coworker relationships. Drawing on organizational justice theory and social exchange theory as well as data collected from 571 employees at two points in time, this study explores how justice perceptions affect social exchange relationships with supervisors and coworkers, and identifies mechanisms through which these, in turn, enhance employee job performance. Results suggest that informational and interpersonal justice differentially affect the quality of employee–supervisor and employee–coworker relationships, underlining the relevance of considering both supervisors and coworkers as sources of justice. Moreover, the findings indicate that employee–supervisor and employee–coworker relationships contribute to job performance, but through distinct paths. Job satisfaction mediates the link between both social exchange relationships and job performance, while quality of employee–coworker relationships further enhances job performance through employees’ motivation to engage in learning and knowledge sharing.

Previous studies have reported that our interpersonal knowledge shows an asymmetry; that is, we tend to believe that we know and understand other people's thoughts and feelings better than other people know and understand our own thoughts and feelings. In the present study, the authors compared American (114 men, 192 women) and Korean (99 men and 98 women) students to examine whether the asymmetry is greater in collectivistic than in individualistic culture in two types of relationships: horizontal (with best friends) and vertical (with parents). On all three items—Know, Understand, and Visibility—asymmetry was found for both horizontal and vertical relationships. Further, the Understand and Visibility items showed greater asymmetry for the Korean group than for the American group. It was concluded that asymmetry is greater in collectivistic than in individualistic culture. The cultural differences can be explained by self-consistency, sensitivity to social consequences, parent–child interaction, and living arrangement.

비즈니스 관계는 수직 및 수평관계로 구분 될 수 있다. 수평관계 비즈니스는 경쟁자간의 비즈니스에서 이루어진 것이 일반적이며 수직관계는 본청업체와 하청업체 간에 이루어지는 비즈니스를 말한다. 일반적으로 비즈니스 관계에 관한 모델들은 여러 연구를 통해서 많은 것들이 알려져 있다. 하지만 수직관계를 중점적으로 이루어진 모형은 그리 많지 않다. 본 논문에서는 수직관계에 토대를 둔 비즈니스 모형을 개발하도록 한다. 수직관계의 대표적인 산업으로는 전자, 자동차 등 여러 산업을 들 수 있지만 본 논문에서는 자동차 산업을 대상으로 모델을 개발해 보도록 한다. 제 2장에서는 프로세스 모형개발을 위해서 필요한 이론적 배경을 살펴보고 제 3장에서는 수직관계 비즈니스에 대한 특징을 알아본다. 이어서 제 4장에서는 본 논문의 핵심인 수직관계 비즈니스 프로세스 모형을 개발하였다. 끝으로 제 5장에서는 향후 연구방향 및 연구의 한계점을 제시하였다. Business relationships can be divided into vertical and horizontal relationships. Relationship between horizontal competitors in the business of business to be done is generally vertical relationship between the main office Suppliers and Contractors says business done. In general, the number of models of business relationships through a lot of things are known. Model consisting of a vertical relationship, but there are not many highlights. In this paper, the vertical relationship problems based on the business model to develop. Vertical relationships include leading industrial electronics, automotive and many industrial tempted to target the automotive industry, but in this paper developed a model to look at. In Chapter 2 the theoretical background needed to develop a process model to examine the vertical relationship between Chapter 3 Features Find out about your business. Followed by Chapter 4 of this paper, the vertical relationship between the core business process model is developed. Finally, Chapter 5 of the study limitations and future research directions are suggested.

본청업체와 하청업체간의 관계는 본청업체의 압박으로 하청업체는 강한 종속감을 가지고 있다는 것은 여러 연구를 통해서 입증되어오고 있다. 이러한 관계의 대표적인 분야가 자동차산업이다. 하청업체의 본청업체에 대한 종속감은 여러 요인들이 있지만 특히 부족한 기술력을 들 수 있다. 이러한 연구 안에서 일반적으로 외국기업이 하청업체일 경우에도 같은 결과를 가지고 오는지에 대한 연구는 많지 않다. 본 논문의 연구목적은 외국기업이 하청업체이면서 본청업체가 한국기업인 경우에는 어떤 영향이 있는지, 그리고 그 요인 중에서 특히 R&D 센터를 한국에 소재하고 있는 경우에도 기존의 연구와 같은 결과를 가져오는지에 대한 분석이다. 제 2장에서는 이론적 배경으로서 본청업체와 하청업체간의 비즈니스 관계에 대한 일반적인 특징을 살펴보았다. 제 3장에서는 연구방법을 이어서 제 4장에서는 하청업체로서 대표적인 독일 보쉬 회사가 R&D센터를 한국에 주둔시킴으로써 본청업체와의 비즈니스 관계에 미치는 영향에 대해서 사례분석으로 다루었다. 마지막으로 제 5장에서는 한국정부에 주는 정책적 시사점 및 연구의 한계점을 제시하였다. 본 논문에서 사례분석을 통해서 살펴본 비즈니스 관계는 하청업체가 적극적인 R&D센터 활동을 통해서 본청업체와의 관계를 파트너관계로 발전시킬 수 있음을 볼 수 있었다. Business relationships can be divided in vertical and horizontal relationships. Vertical relations, such as the relation to suppliers and contractors, are of great importance and often determine a firms success. In general, many scholars produced numerous models of business relationships covering with a wide array of variables. However, models with a focus on vertical relationship did not receive much attention. This paper deals with problems related to vertical relationships and a the business model paying special attention to vertical relationships is developed. Vertical relationships span over a wide range of industries, including industrial electronics and automotive firms. In Chapter 2, the theoretical approach needed to develop a process model to examine the vertical relationships is developed. Chapter 3 features core findings about business relationships. Chapter 4 deals with vertical relationships as developed between the core business process model. Finally, Chapter 5 of the study covers limitations and future research directions.

The purpose of the study is to assess the vertical and horizontal relationship between the roots of maxillary posterior teeth and neighboring structures like the floor of the maxillary sinus and cortical plates using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). 100 CBCT scans of the patients from the Indian population were analyzed. Vertical and horizontal relationship between the roots of maxillary posterior teeth and the floor of the maxillary sinus was divided into 4 types and 3 types, respectively. Distances between the root apices and the floor of the maxillary sinus and cortical plate was measured for each root and results were formulated. In total 365 teeth were assessed, 185 first molar and 180 second molar. It was found that the roots of first molar and second molar usually had type 2 (root apices in close contact with the floor of maxillary sinus) and type 3 (roots projecting laterally into the sinus, but its apices are outside the sinus border) vertical relationship respectively with the floor of maxillary sinus. The deepest portion of the floor of the maxillary sinus was most commonly seen projecting between buccal and palatal roots. The mean distance between the cortical plate and root was highest for the distobuccal root of second molar i.e., 1.20 mm SD = 0.97. The distobuccal root of the first molar and mesiobuccal root of the second molar are closest to the sinus floor, hence clinician should be extra cautious while working on these roots during endodontic or surgical procedures in the Indian population.

This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vertical and horizontal esthetic alignment parameters among young adults with high facial esthetic quality, thereby establishing reference benchmarks for natural facial symmetry and deviations. A total of 220 participants aged 18-25 years were included following strict esthetic and dental inclusion criteria. Standardized frontal facial photographs were obtained and analyzed using digital design software. Vertical midline relationships (pupil-incisor, philtrum-incisor, pupil-philtrum) and horizontal planes (pupil-incisal, pupil-commissure, commissure-incisal) were measured. Vertical deviations were categorized into five groups, and horizontal relationships were classified as parallel or non-parallel. Gender-based differences were assessed using chi-square analysis (p < 0.05). Reliability was excellent for vertical measurements (ICC = 0.93 intra-observer, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96; ICC = 0.88 inter-observer, 95% CI: 0.83-0.92) and substantial for horizontal plane assessments (Fleiss' kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72-0.87). Vertical midline alignment decreased progressively from the dental to the upper facial reference lines, with the highest coincidence observed in the philtrum-incisor relationship (48.6%) and the lowest in the pupil-philtrum alignment (23.4%). Horizontal plane parallelism showed a similar decreasing pattern toward upper facial structures. Gender comparisons revealed no significant differences in vertical midline alignment (p > 0.05). Commissure-incisal parallelism was significantly higher in males (p = 0.032), while other horizontal relationships showed no significant gender differences. Vertical and horizontal esthetic relationships follow characteristic patterns across facial levels, reflecting the natural asymmetry of the human face. Gender-related differences were minimal and plane-specific rather than generalized. Objective digital measurements provide reliable reference data for clinicians in establishing facially driven esthetic treatment plans. This study provides reference data for natural facial symmetry in young adults, highlighting that minor asymmetries are normal and often esthetically acceptable. Clinicians should focus on harmony with facial flow rather than perfect geometric symmetry. From a clinical perspective, objective digital assessment of vertical and horizontal reference relationships may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate esthetic reference planes during facially driven treatment planning. Rather than defining strict normative values, these findings support an individualized approach that respects natural facial variability.

In its decision in ex parte Blood the Court of Appeal relied on European Community (EC) law to hold that the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority had acted unlawfully in taking its decision to prevent Mrs Blood from exporting sperm taken from her dying husband without his written consent. The Blood case raises the issue of the extent to which EC law may affect the regulation of human reproduction in the Member States. Responding to fears that such national regulation might be 'swept away' by the commodifying nature of EC law, this article considers the scope of the potential application of EC law to regulation of human reproduction. The cautious conclusion is that, while there may be some increase in deregulatory pressures, the 'vertical relationship' of supreme EC law to national law may turn out to be less significant than 'horizontal relationships' between policy-makers within and between the EU and its Member States.

To explore the processes and experiences associated with disclosing sexual orientation to siblings and extended family. Few studies prioritize the experience of disclosing to siblings and extended family, despite its frequency and potential impact on the family unit. Extended family members often act as sources of support for youth; it is therefore worthwhile to consider whether this remains true during and after disclosure of sexual orientation. Interview and questionnaire data were gathered from 22 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) youth, 14 to 21 years of age, from a large Midwestern city. Constructivist grounded theory informed the qualitative methodology and data analysis. We build on concepts of horizontal and vertical family relationships by also introducing the concept of diagonal relationships. Participants described their relationships with aunts as possessing characteristics of horizontal and vertical relationships, allowing them to act as moderators and mediators of the parent-child relationship. The concepts of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal relationships take into consideration how the structure (e.g., hierarchy, egalitarianism, boundaries) and nature (e.g., closeness, reciprocity, mentorship) of various relationships shape the coming-out process for LGBQ youth, without dismissing the importance of either immediate or extended family members. The emerging conceptualization can guide services and interventions as well as illuminate further research on the family systems of LGBQ youth.

BackgroundAt present, the organization of system modules is typically limited to either a multilevel hierarchy that describes the "vertical" relationships between modules at different levels (e.g., module A at level two is included in module B at level one), or a single-level graph that represents the "horizontal" relationships among modules (e.g., genetic interactions between module A and module B). Both types of organizations fail to provide a broader and deeper view of the complex systems that arise from an integration of vertical and horizontal relationships.ResultsWe propose a complex network analysis tool, Pyramabs, which was developed to integrate vertical and horizontal relationships and extract information at various granularities to create a pyramid from a complex system of interacting objects. The pyramid depicts the nested structure implied in a complex system, and shows the vertical relationships between abstract networks at different levels. In addition, at each level the abstract network of modules, which are connected by weighted links, represents the modules' horizontal relationships. We first tested Pyramabs on hierarchical random networks to verify its ability to find the module organization pre-embedded in the networks. We later tested it on a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and a metabolic network. According to Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the vertical relationships identified from the PPI and metabolic pathways correctly characterized the inclusion (i.e., part-of) relationship, and the horizontal relationships provided a good indication of the functional closeness between modules. Our experiments with Pyramabs demonstrated its ability to perform knowledge mining in complex systems.ConclusionsNetworks are a flexible and convenient method of representing interactions in a complex system, and an increasing amount of information in real-world situations is described by complex networks. We considered the analysis of a complex network as an iterative process for extracting meaningful information at multiple granularities from a system of interacting objects. The quality of the interpretation of the networks depends on the completeness and expressiveness of the extracted knowledge representations. Pyramabs was designed to interpret a complex network through a disclosure of a pyramid of abstractions. The abstraction pyramid is a new knowledge representation that combines vertical and horizontal viewpoints at different degrees of abstraction. Interpretations in this form are more accurate and more meaningful than multilevel dendrograms or single-level graphs. Pyramabs can be accessed at http://140.113.166.165/pyramabs.php/.

How do people know which family member is trustworthy? In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that people use their perception of a family member's self‐control as an indicator of his or her trustworthiness. Eighty‐four Dutch families consisting of 2 parents and 2 children completed questionnaires assessing each family member's trust in and perceived self‐control of the other 3 family members. This full‐family design enabled the authors to examine their hypothesis in horizontal relationships, between family members of equal status (i.e., parent–parent and sibling–sibling relationships), and vertical relationships, in which partners have unequal status (i.e., parent–child and child–parent relationships). Consistent with the hypothesis, Social Relations Model analyses showed that being perceived as having higher self‐control is related to greater trustworthiness among adults and children in the large majority of horizontal and vertical relationships (10 out of 12). These findings highlight that perceived self‐control is an important factor by which to gauge trustworthiness in families.

Vertical and horizontal relationships amongst task-based information needs

In the last decade, the durum wheat-pasta production chain was been, with the other food chains, vulnerable to prices volatility, that became stronger in the last five years due to the unfavourable economic condition. The supply chains internal competition and the unwillingness to cooperation, directly linked to lack of trust between actors on different levels, represent barriers for the efficiency this economic structure (the chain), that have to deal with the actual economic condition and the global market competition. The Italian durum wheat-pasta production chain is characterized by a high level of vertical integration for the downstream stages (mills and pasta industries) and by a farms-pasta industries contracts increase; whereas very high is the upstream stage firms’ fragmentation. The study aims to examine the Apulian durum wheat-pasta production chain, by means of the netchain analysis methodology, to point out its organisational set-up and its degree of integration and evaluate the horizontal and vertical existent relationships. The geographical location of the study is due to the importance that durum wheat has for the Region; that is in the first place of the national production ranking (almost the 20,65% in 2011), and have a great territory specialisation (almost the 87,68% of cereals regional uaa). The study started from the analysis of a quality product chain that can be considered as a best practice into the area because both the final product (dry pasta) is made from local durum wheat flour only, and the whole chain are certified (Prodotti di qualita di Puglia and dnv Business Assurance). The results obtained, show an high horizontal integration for farms. However, they are able to create ties only with selling cooperatives. The latter on the other hand, show the capability to promote cohesion between farms and mills for the supply of high quality raw materials. This chain, observed for its peculiarity of being a best practice, show the relevance of pasta industries in promoting strong horizontal and vertical relationships, and theirs importance in improving chain market competitiveness. Further studies are still necessary, since a more comprehensive analysis of the entire Apulian chain, considering also those one located into areas with an higher number of pasta industries (eg. Emilia-Romagna), can provide essential information that can be used to drive innovation in chain governance at the regional or national level.

This chapter employs a conceptual framework based on the relationship constructs of power and permanence to distinguish the special hybrid nature of mentoring relationships relative to prototypical vertical and horizontal relationships common in the lives of mentor and mentee. The authors note that mentoring occurs in voluntary relationships among partners with unequal social experience and influence. Consequently, mentoring relationships contain expectations of unequal contributions and responsibilities (as in vertical relationships), but sustaining the relationships depends on mutual feelings of satisfaction and commitment (as in horizontal relationships). Keller and Pryce apply this framework to reveal the consistency of findings across several qualitative studies reporting particular interpersonal patterns in youth mentoring relationships. On a practical level, they suggest that the mentor needs to balance the fun, interest, and engagement that maintain the relationship with the experienced guidance, structure, and support that promote the growth and well-being of the mentee.