Abstract
Constructive citizen participation is defined as a systematic process of mutual education and cooperation by which citizens, planners and politicians can work together to create sound plans and programs. Citizen inputs include additional data, technical expertise, creative solutions, evaluative criteria and weights and cost effectiveness through cost avoidance. A positive program of constructive citizen participation is described in five phases — start-up, initial data collection, mutual education, public response and decision. A case study illustrates the use of the model in a controversial highway relocation project.
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