Abstract
Citior, altior, fortior - faster, higher, stronger. The Olympic motto underlines the eternal emphasis on improving performance in the quest for records and sporting achievement. Every sport (can you think of an exception?) involves measurements of one kind or another. Quite apart from the determination of the distance travelled and the time taken, the dimensions of pitches, the heights of barriers and the properties of accessories must all be known. The most demanding measurements, however, are those made in testing laboratories far from the pitch and the track. The biggest challenges, in addition to the historical difficulty of determining when an athlete crosses a line or where a ball lands, are those associated with ensuring the use of validated test procedures and preventing the contamination or substitution of samples.
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