CICLO DE VIDA DE Gonipterus platensis (MARELLI, 1926) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EN TRES ESPECIES COMERCIALES DE Eucalyptus PARA COLOMBIA

BackgroundAs an efficient and high-quality additive in agriculture and forestry production, silicon (Si) plays an important role in alleviating heavy metal stress and improving plant growth. However, the alleviating effect of aluminum (Al) toxicity by Si in Eucalyptus is still incomplete.ResultsHere, a study was conducted using two Al concentrations (0 and 4.5 mM) with four Si concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) to investigate plant growth, tolerance and antioxidant defense system in four Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus grandis, and Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis). The results showed that the stress induced by 4.5 mM Al increased oxidative damage, disturbed the balance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and negatively affected plant growth and tolerance quality in the four Eucalyptus species. However, the addition of 0.5 mM and 1 mM Si alleviated the effects of Al toxicity on plant growth and improved plant growth quality by strengthening stress tolerance. Besides, adding Si significantly facilitated the synergistic action of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, increased the removal of reactive oxygen species, reduced lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress, and promoted the phytoremediation rate of the four Eucalyptus species by 18.7 ~ 34.8% compared to that in the absence of Si.ConclusionsSilicon can alleviate the effect of Al toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and improving plant growth and tolerance quality. Hence, the application of Si is an effective method for the phytoremediation of Eucalyptus plantations in southern China.

Developmental stages in the life cycle of lycaenid butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) and their association with the host plant (Lupinus nanus) (Fabaceae) were examined both in the laboratory under 29 ± 3ºC temperature with RH 78 ± 2% and field conditions. The oviposition behaviour, incubation and larval‐pupal period of the butterfly and its association with L. nanus were studied. The host plant association and duration of developmental stages were given importance. Duration of life cycle (egg to adult) was 19 ‐ 21 days. Eggs, four larval instars and pupal stages were distinct. Lampides boeticus was found deeply associated with L. nanus to complete its life cycle. This association with host plant was characterized and evidenced by the use of host leaves, flowers, buds and seeds ( pods) both in the larval (11 ‐ 13 days) and pupal (4 ‐ 6 days) stages. The incubation period, different larval instars and pupal stage were found to be associated deeply with the phenological phases of the host plant.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(1): 43-52, 2015 (January)

BackgroundGonipterus platensis Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the main defoliating beetle of Eucalyptus L’Hér. (Myrtaceae) plants worldwide. The suitability of Eucalyptus to this pest varies among host plant genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development, reproduction, and survival of G. platensis on Eucalyptus species and hybrids to assess their suitability to this insect pest in Brazil.MethodsThe survival, development, and reproduction parameters were evaluated with G. platensis feeding leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill., Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake and on the hybrids of E. grandis ×E. urophylla ‘H13’ and ‘VR3748’ in the laboratory.ResultsThe duration of the larval stage of G. platensis was shorter on E. urophylla. The pupal stage and the period from larva to adult were equally shorter on E. urophylla and E. camaldulensis. The viability of instars of this insect was low on both E. grandis and E. camaldulensis. The complete lifespan, oviposition period and reproduction parameters of G. platensis were greater on E. urophylla, lower on E. camaldulensis and E. grandis, and intermediate on both hybrids tested.SynthesisEucalyptus urophylla is the most suitable host for G. platensis survival, development, and reproduction, while E. grandis and E. camaldulensis are the least suitable.

A considerable portion of Brazil‘s commercial eucalypt plantations is located in areas subjected to periods of water deficit and grown in soils with low natural fertility, particularly poor in potassium. Potassium is influential in controlling water relations of plants. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of potassium fertilization and soil water potential (Ψw) on the dry matter production and on water relations of eucalypt seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. The experimental units were arranged in 4x4x2 randomized blocks factorial design, as follow: four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), four dosages of K (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3) and two soil water potentials (-0.01MPa and -0.1 MPa). Plastic containers with 15 cm diameter and 18 cm height, with Styrofoam base, containing 3.0 dm3 of soil and two plants per container were used. Soil water potential was kept at -0.01MPa for 40 days after seeding. Afterward, the experimental units were divided into two groups: in one group the potential was kept at -0.01MPa, and in the other one, at -0.10 MPa. Soil water potential was controlled gravimetrically twice a day with water replacement until the desired potential was reestablished. A week before harvesting, the leaf water potential (Ψ), the photosynthetic rate (A), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the transpiration rate were evaluated. The last week before harvesting, the mass of the containers was recorded daily before watering to determine the consumption of water by the plants. After harvesting, total dry matter and leaf area were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, to Tukey's tests and regression analyses. The application of K influenced A, gs and the transpiration rate. Plants deficient in K showed lower A and higher gs and transpiration rates. There were no statistical differences in A, gs and transpiration rates in plants with and without water deficit. The addition of K reduced the consumption of water per unit of leaf area and, in general, plants submitted to water deficit presented a lower consumption of water.

A hibridação de espécies de eucalipto possibilita a obtenção de híbridos mais produtivos e com alta eficiência de absorção e/ou utilização de nutrientes, dependendo das espécies combinadas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho, conduzido na região do Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, teve por objetivos: determinar a produtividade, o conteúdo e a eficiência de utilização de N, P, K, Ca e Mg de híbridos interespecíficos de Eucalyptus spp. Para tanto, mediu-se o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) de todas as árvores presentes em cada parcela, e abateram-se três árvores com diâmetro correspondente ao da árvore média. Procedeu-se à cubagem das árvores pelo método de Smallian, utilizando a altura, o diâmetro e a espessura de casca na base e a 25, 50, 75 e 100 % da altura comercial. O peso de material fresco do lenho, da casca, das folhas e dos galhos foi determinado no campo, e desses componentes se coletaram amostras para determinação do peso da matéria seca. As amostras do tronco consistiram de discos coletados, com casca, na base e a 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura comercial. As amostras de tecido vegetal foram analisadas para: N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados obtidos não indicaram diferenças significativas para a produção de biomassa de copa entre os híbridos de eucalipto em conseqüência de apresentarem mesma idade. Entretanto, a produção de biomassa de tronco apresentou diferenças significativas sendo os híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake proveniente de polinização natural mais produtivo em 50 e 69% em comparação aos híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla W. Hill. Ex Maiden com Eucalyptus grandis Dehnh.e de Eucalyptus urophylla com descendentes do cruzamento de Eucalyptus camaldulensis com Eucalyptus grandis respectivamente. Além disso, aqueles híbridos foram os que alocaram maior quantidade de biomassa no tronco (92,3%) em relação à copa (7,7%), e ainda foram os mais eficientes na absorção e utilização de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Concluiu-se que: 1) híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla provenientes de polinização natural ou controlada não apresentam diferença na produção de biomassa de copa quando avaliados numa mesma idade; 2) a polinização controlada de Eucalyptus urophylla com Eucalyptus grandis e com descendentes do cruzamento de Eucalyptus camaldulensis com Eucalyptus grandis reduz a produção de biomassa de tronco; 3) híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla provenientes de polinização natural são mais produtivos e mais eficientes na absorção e utilização de N, P, K, Ca e Mg e 4) híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla provenientes de descendentes do cruzamento de Eucalyptus camaldulensis com Eucalyptus grandis são menos produtivos e menos eficientes na absorção e utilização de N, P, K, Ca e Mg.

BackgroundNutritional disorders of phosphorus (P), due to deficiency or toxicity, reduce the development of Eucalyptus spp. seedlings. Phosphorus deficiency often results in stunted growth and reduced vigor, while phosphorus toxicity can lead to nutrient imbalances and decreased physiological function. These sensitivities highlight the need for precise management of P levels in cultivation practices. The use of the beneficial element silicon (Si) has shown promising results under nutritional stress; nevertheless, comprehensive studies on its effects on Eucalyptus spp. seedlings are still emerging. To further elucidate the role of Si under varying P conditions, an experiment was conducted with clonal seedlings of a hybrid Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, A207) in a soilless cultivation system. Seedlings were propagated using the minicutting method in vermiculite-filled tubes, followed by treatment with a nutrient solution at three P concentrations: a deficient dose (0.1 mM), an adequate dose (1.0 mM) and an excessive dose (10 mM), with and without the addition of Si (2mM). This study assessed P and Si concentration, nutritional efficiency, oxidative metabolism, photosynthetic parameters, and dry matter production.ResultsSi supply increased phenolic compounds production and reduced electrolyte leakage in seedlings provided with 0.1 mM of P. On the other hand, Si favored quantum efficiency of photosystem II as well as chlorophyll a content in seedlings supplemented with 10 mM of P. In general, Si attenuates P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings are sensitive to P deficiency and toxicity and Si has shown a beneficial effect, attenuating P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters.

Operations in today’s demand chain management framework

Eucalyptus has become one of the most widely planted species in tropical and subtropical regions in China, with important economic, ecological, and social values. However, it is currently unclear how climate change will affect different Eucalyptus species. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the potential distribution and dynamics of Eucalyptus under current and future climate scenarios. In this study, we analyzed the potential distribution patterns of the three main Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, and Eucalyptus tereticornis) under current and future climatic conditions (2041-2060 and 2061-2080) using the optimized MaxEnt model, which integrates a variety of environmental data including climate, topography, soil, and human influence. We also identified the main factors affecting the potential distributions of the three main Eucalyptus species. The model indicated that E. grandis exhibited heightened sensitivity to the mean temperature of the coldest quarter (7.0-20.0 °C) and annual mean temperature (11.9-24.2 °C), whereas E. urophylla displayed heightened sensitivity to precipitation of the warmest quarter (272-1694 mm) and annual precipitation (812-2624 mm). Conversely, E. tereticornis demonstrated heightened sensitivity to annual mean temperature (12.7-24.5 °C) and temperature seasonality (63.8-598.9). Under the current climate, E. tereticornis had the widest suitable distribution area (124.91 × 104 km²), followed by E. grandis (124.89 × 104 km²) and E. urophylla (119.81 × 104 km²). Under future climate change scenarios, the suitable ranges of E. grandis, E. urophylla and E. tereticornis will continue to expand. This study highlights the importance of climate change in Eucalyptus distribution and provides quantified potential distribution maps for three Eucalyptus species under current and future climate conditions in China. This research offers valuable scientific insights pertinent to the management and rational site selection for Eucalyptus plantations.

The red flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Duval) adults were exposed to Beauveria bassiana (BIOVER®) conidia in six rates w/w (weight of B. bassiana conidial powder to weight of wheat flour) and compared to untreated. The effectiveness of B. bassiana on T. confusum parental adult mortality, F1 and F2 emerged adults, duration of life cycle and weight loss of wheat flour were evaluated.Results showed that gradual positive lethal effect on T. confusumadults (mortality increased as the rates of B. bassiana increased). There was a significant difference between the untreated and the treated in 7 and 14 days after exposure (P=0.041 and P=0.0015), respectively. There was an inverse relationship between progeny production of T. confusum and B. bassiana rate. Regardless to the B. bassiana rate a significant difference of F1 and F2 emerged adults was observed between the untreated and treated wheat flour averaged 204.33 & 126.33 and 57.28 & 24.22, respectively. Prolongation of T. confusum life cycle duration increased gradually as the rate of B. bassiana increased. The treatment with highest B. bassiana rate (1.0% w/w) significantly prolonged duration of the insect life-cycle (48.67 days) with about 7 days delay of duration compared to the duration of the insect life-cycle in the untreated averaged 41.0 days. There was a significant drop (P=0.0001) of the weight loss of treated wheat flour with highest B. bassiana rate compared to the untreated. Generally, B. bassiana may applied as an alternative to chemical control method in the strategy of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of stored product insect pests.

We aimed to assess the quality of charcoal from three Eucalyptus and Corymbia citriodora species for energy production in the South of Tocantins state. A hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, the species Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Corymbia citriodora were selected for the study. In the preparation of the material, 20 specimens of each species with the dimensions of 2.0 x 2.0 x 5.0 cm were made, being ten repetitions for each carbonization gait with different final temperatures and heating rates. The basic wood density, total gravimetric yield, total yields in condensable and non-condensable gases, immediate chemical analysis, and higher calorific value were determined. Corymbia citriodora presented higher wood basic density (0.583 g/cm³) and charcoal apparent density (0.459 g/cm³). In immediate chemical analysis, Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presented the best averages among all species. The calorific value ranged from 7235.97 to 7573.98 (kcal/kg), considered an acceptable value for energy production. The final carbonization temperature of 550°C is recommended, with Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presenting the best averages.

O besouro-amarelo, Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) é comumente relatado em espécies de Eucalyptus ocasionando injúrias, principalmente, em plantios novos. Devido à ausência de informações sobre esse inseto em Alagoas, o objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de Costalimaita ferruginea e analisar os níveis e a distribuição vertical de injúrias em povoamentos clonais experimentais de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (VE 41, I 1 44, TP 361, VCC 865). As injúrias provocadas por Costalimaita ferruginea em folhas desses clones foram avaliadas em plantio experimental instalado no Município de Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brasil. Para avaliação das injúrias foram analisadas 25 plantas por clone. Estimou-se os níveis de injúrias de Costalimaita ferruginea por meio de notas visuais, baseadas em uma escala de níveis de injúrias que variou de 0 a 100% (Notas 1 a 4). Para distribuição vertical foi analisada a porcentagem de injúrias distribuídas na região apical, mediana e basal das plantas. As médias das notas das injúrias causadas por Costalimaita ferruginea em plantas dos diferentes clones variaram entre 1,32 para o clone VE 41 a 2,04 para o clone TP 361. Os clones de eucalipto avaliados apresentaram diferentes distribuições espaciais de injúrias entre as regiões apical, mediana e basal, exceto o clone I1 44. De forma geral, a região apical apresentou variação de porcentagem de injúrias entre 60% a 18,6%. Para região mediana, a variação foi de 62,6% a 31%. A região basal apresentou as menores porcentagens, variando de 16,6% a 8,6%. Assim, foi constatada a primeira ocorrência de Costalimaita ferruginea em plantio experimental de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla no estado de Alagoas, revelando diferentes níveis de injúrias para os clones, sendo o clone TP 361 o mais atacado. A região mediana apresentou a maior porcentagem de injúrias.

Oligonychus punicae has potential for development in several species of eucalyptus. In this study was evaluated the preference for permanence and oviposition of O. punicae in different eucalyptus species. Additionally, we evaluated its dynamics and population distribution, as well as injuries in strains of Eucalyptus urophylla in a clonal minigarden. The preference for permanence and oviposition of O. punicae was evaluated using a test with and without choice in six species of Eucalyptus. We also analyzed the dynamics, population distribution and injury levels by O. punicae on E. urophylla in a clonal minigarden. We collected samples for 24 months and counted the number of eggs, immature and adult individuals. We calculated the Morisita dispersion index. We estimated injuries on leaves of E. urophylla using visual notes. In the test with choice, Eucalyptus urophylla was the preferred host of O. punicae for permanence and oviposition. In the test without choice, the oviposition of O. punicae in eucalyptus species did not differ statistically until 24 hours of evaluation. However, there was a significant difference after 48 hours, with greater oviposition on Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus grandis. In the population survey, we collected 3,293 mites. The population peak of O. punicae occurred in March and April 2018 and April 2019. Oligonychus punicae presented an aggregate distribution and caused injuries of 20% on average in leaves. These results are important to guide management strategies in specific infestation foci and optimizing the use of phytosanitary products.

Oligonychus punicae has potential for development in several species of eucalyptus. In this study was evaluated the preference for permanence and oviposition of O. punicae in different eucalyptus species. Additionally, we evaluated its dynamics and population distribution, as well as injuries in strains of Eucalyptus urophylla in a clonal minigarden. The preference for permanence and oviposition of O. punicae was evaluated using a test with and without choice in six species of Eucalyptus. We also analyzed the dynamics, population distribution and injury levels by O. punicae on E. urophylla in a clonal minigarden. We collected samples for 24 months and counted the number of eggs, immature and adult individuals. We calculated the Morisita dispersion index. We estimated injuries on leaves of E. urophylla using visual notes. In the test with choice, Eucalyptus urophylla was the preferred host of O. punicae for permanence and oviposition. In the test without choice, the oviposition of O. punicae in eucalyptus species did not differ statistically until 24 hours of evaluation. However, there was a significant difference after 48 hours, with greater oviposition on Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus grandis. In the population survey, we collected 3,293 mites. The population peak of O. punicae occurred in March and April 2018 and April 2019. Oligonychus punicae presented an aggregate distribution and caused injuries of 20% on average in leaves. These results are important to guide management strategies in specific infestation foci and optimizing the use of phytosanitary products.

A utilização da madeira de árvores de espécies de reflorestamento pela indústria moveleira tem apresentado tendência de crescimento nos últimos anos. Nesse sentido, no presente trabalho foram determinadas a massa específica básica e variação dimensional da madeira de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus dunnii e Eucalyptus urophylla, de 18 anos, para a aplicação como componentes de madeira maciça em movelaria. Os ensaios laboratoriais para a avaliação da massa específica básica e da variação dimensional da madeira nos sentidos radial e longitudinal do tronco das árvores de eucaliptos foram realizados de acordo com a NBR 7190/96. Os resultados da análise da madeira das espécies de eucalipto foram submetidos ao Teste de Homogeneidade, Análise de Variância, Teste de Tukey e Correlação de Pearson e comparados com o desempenho da madeira de sucupira (Bowdichia nitida) e de cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) utilizadas na indústria moveleira. Verificou-se para a madeira de Eucalyptus grandis menor valor de variação dimensional, sendo a mais indicada para componentes de móveis que exigem elevada estabilidade dimensional, além de peças de maior superfície. A madeira dessa espécie apresentou índice de variação dimensional compatível com o de espécies nativas utilizadas na indústria moveleira. Verificou-se, ainda, variação radial das propriedades da madeira, com alta correlação entre a massa específica básica e a variação dimensional. No sentido longitudinal, a base do tronco das árvores de eucalipto mostrou-se com a região de madeira de maior estabilidade dimensional.

The establishment of new forest plantations requires making important decisions starting with the selection of the species to be planted, as well as the choice of an adequate planting spacing to guarantee the maximization of wood production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of nine eucalypt species planted with three different spacings under the environmental conditions of the tropical dry forest of the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. A split-plot arrangement with two replicates was used as the experimental design. The planting spacing factor (three planting spacings) was assigned to the main plots and the species factor (nine eucalypt species) was assigned to the subplots. Survival and growth were evaluated at twenty-four months of age. The study identified the Brazilian provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill, and Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. and the Colombian provenance of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. as promising for commercial reforestation programs in areas with a water deficit in the tropical dry forest. Planting spacings of 3×2 m (1666 stems·ha-1) and 3×2.5 m (1333 stems·ha-1) maximized the production of basal area and the volume for the species evaluated. Finally, no interaction was detected between species and planting spacing factors, therefore, the species identified had a better performance regardless of the planting spacing used.