Church Tax Exemption and Structure of Religious Markets: A Dynamic Structural Analysis

Parallel-vector design sensitivity analysis in structural dynamics

Nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of framed structures

International seismic building codes of practice specify a simplified method based on the first mode for the seismic analysis of regular structures and dynamic analysis for irregular structures. The number of modes to be used in the dynamic analysis of structures should be such that the sum total of the modal masses of all the modes considered is at least 90% of the total structural mass. Previous studies show that the 90% criterion for the number of modes considered may not result in correct responses in all the structural members of an irregular structure. The present study examines the rationale for using the codal provisions for the number of modes to be used for dynamic analysis of irregular building structures using the response spectrum method. Results of this study show that fundamental mode approach for regular structures and 90% modal mass criterion, given by the seismic building codes of practice for the number of modes to be considered for the dynamic analysis of irregular structures, are not adequate. It is observed that the present criterion results in the underestimation of shear forces in the top and bottom storeys according to the numerical examples considered. A simplified method is given for the elastic seismic analysis of irregular and complex structures using a “dynamic correction”, which can be extended to the nonlinear pushover analysis of structures.

Nonlinear finite element for modeling reinforced concrete columns in three-dimensional dynamic analysis

Several procedures for non-linear static and dynamic analysis of structures have been developed in recent years. This paper discusses those procedures that have been implemented into the latest European and US seismic provisions: non-linear dynamic time-history analysis; N2 non-linear static method (Eurocode 8); non-linear static procedure NSP (FEMA 356) and improved capacity spectrum method CSM (FEMA 440). The presented methods differ in respect to accuracy, simplicity, transparency and clarity of theoretical background. Non-linear static procedures were developed with the aim of overcoming the insufficiency and limitations of linear methods, whilst at the same time maintaining a relatively simple application. All procedures incorporate performance-based concepts paying more attention to damage control. Application of the presented procedures is illustrated by means of an example of an eight-storey reinforced concrete frame building. The results obtained by non-linear dynamic time-history analysis and non-linear static procedures are compared. It is concluded that these non-linear static procedures are sustainable for application. Additionally, this paper discusses a recommendation in the Eurocode 8/1 that the capacity curve should be determined by pushover analysis for values of the control displacement ranging between zero and 150% of the target displacement. Maximum top displacement of the analyzed structure obtained by using dynamic method with real time-history records corresponds to 145% of the target displacement obtained using the non-linear static N2 procedure.

Improvement in the methods of analysis of structures, machines, aircrafts and ships is one of the most important problems in engineering today. The computational aspects of this problem are being tackled successfully due to developments in computer science. However, for an adequate description of the physical properties of structures, especially those made of newer, non- traditional materials, it is essential to further study their behaviour under different load and kinematic conditions and to develop appropriate physical models that provide a comprehensive and correct description of the actual state of deformation. The objective of this book is to adopt a unified approach for describing the large number of models of internal friction and to offer recommendations regarding the methods of taking it into account at the time of dynamic analysis. It is also intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of the various models, accompanied by detailed solutions of specific problems, which could serve as examples for dynamic analysis of real structures taking into account the effect of internal friction.

Dynamic response analysis of structure with hybrid random and interval uncertainties

Many countries grant tax exemptions to religious organizations. The legitimacy of these exemptions hinges on nationally and internationally protected freedoms of thought, conscience, and worship. Thus, it is important that religious organizations comply with international tax rules and exemptions. This study aims to compare religious tax exemptions in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) with those of Turkey, reveal basic differences in religious-based tax exemptions and evaluate tax exemptions for religious organizations in general. Religious tax exemptions are compared by evaluating relevant laws, tax policies, court and commission decisions. As seen in this study, no consensus has been reached yet regarding tax policy for religious organizations. This study’s findings revealed significant disparities in religious-based tax policies between the United States, the European Union and Turkey. To avoid problems, national and international laws should be enacted to eliminate this conflict. Tax regulations must comply with laws that protect freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Otherwise these persistent differences in tax policy are likely to have substantial historical, cultural, and political effects

<div class="htmlview paragraph">“Noise and vibration are not invented here!”. Undesirable structural dynamic behaviour is normally experienced on final assemblies, by which time the underlying cause of the problem is difficult to solve intuitively. Solving the problems classically involves the partial breakdown of assemblies and the application of various structural dynamics testing and analysis procedures. Preferably, noise and vibration problems should be avoided by designing the product right the first time, by the use of various integrated analysis and testing disciplines, from the component level to the final assembly. Such an approach is referred to, in a broader sense, by trendy themes as concurrent engineering, forward engineering, simultaneous engineering....</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper analyzes trends in analytical and experimental structural dynamics toward better integration of the various discipline oriented techniques that are currently used. The likely evolutions in structural dynamics analysis and test systems to meet the requirements of more integrated engineering are reviewed. Three approaches on this topic are reviewed:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">-1-</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Finite Element Model Validation by Testing</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">-2-</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Dynamic Fatigue Analysis</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">-3-</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Acoustic Radiation Prediction</div> </li> </ol> </div>

FREPS (Forced REsponse Predicition System) is a software system that integrates structural dynamic, steady and unsteady aerodynamic analyses to efficiently predict the forced dynamic stresses of turbomachinery blades to aerodynamic and mechanical excitations. The program performs flutter analysis also. The FREPS system uses a modal approach for aeroelastic analysis. The structural dynamic analysis is based on MSC/NASTRAN, the steady aerodynamic analysis is based on potential theory and the unsteady aerodynamic analysis is based on a linearization of the non-uniform potential mean flow. The capabilities of the program are described and illustrated by application to the High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump turbine of the Space Shuttle Main Engine.

The theory of structural dynamic analysis is put forward firstly. Then the dynamic performance of HMC80 high-speed precision machining center column is analyzed by means of finite element method. The dynamic performance of the column is analyzed using structural dynamic optimization theory and variation analysis with the thickness of wall plate and the inner rib plates as the parameters thirdly. Based on the analysis results, the structure optimization scheme of the column is obtained. The structure optimization scheme is analyzed and the analysis results show that the dynamic performance of the column optimization scheme is improved obviously.

Piping system response induced by thermal-hydraulic transient: A review of recent analysis methods and experiments

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes a software system called FREPS (Forced REsponse Prediction System) that integrates structural dynamic, steady and unsteady aerodynamic analyses to efficiently predict the forced response dynamic stresses in axial flow turbomachinery blades due to aerodynamic and mechanical excitations. A flutter analysis capability is also incorporated into the system. The FREPS system performs aeroelastic analysis by modeling the motion of the blade in terms of its normal modes. The structural dynamic analysis is performed by a finite element code such as MSC/NASTRAN. The steady aerodynamic analysis is based on nonlinear potential theory and the unsteady aerodynamic analysis is based on a linearization of the non-uniform potential mean flow. The program description and presentation of the capabilities are reported herein. The effectiveness of the FREPS package is demonstrated on the High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump turbine of the Space Shuttle Main Engine. Both flutter and forced response analyses are performed and typical results are illustrated.</div>

The dynamic analysis of multi-layer cantilever beam's structure is of great significance to the structural design of MEMS devices. Due to the multi-coupling and non-linearity of the multi-layer cantilever beam, this paper presents a method for modelling and solving multilayer micro-beam. Firstly, the dynamic equation mathematical model of electrostatic multi-layer cantilever beam was established based on the energy principle and fluid film damping effect; second, the dynamic model was transformed to single-layer beam solution model by equivalent parameter method. Thirdly, Galerkin mapping reduction algorithm was used to solve this model. The theoretical computing results and simulation results can provide strong support for the study of the working motion state of the MEMS devices.

A Cartesian spatial discretization method for nonlinear dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of tensegrity structures