Abstract
The giant, polytene chromosomes of Simulium carthusiense Grenier & Dorier, 1959 were mapped, and all rearrangements were resolved relative to the standard banding sequence for the S. vernum group. The species is chromosomally cohesive from Austria to Spain, and is characterized by a chromocenter, two unique fixed inversions, 10 unique autosomal polymorphisms, and undifferenti - ated sex chromosomes. Rare individuals (3%) have two types of supernumerary chromosomes, representing the third example of a simuliid species that carries two different supernumeraries in the same individuals. Band-sequence comparisons with chromosomal outgroups indicate that S. carthusiense is the sister species of a clade that includes S. beltukovae (Rubtsov, 1956), the S. cryophilum complex, and S. urbanum Davies, 1966.
Highlights
The Simulium vernum group provides numerous examples of the taxonomic difficulties in the family Simuliidae (Ilmonen et al, 2009)
We evaluate the polytene chromosomes of Simulium carthusiense against the standard map of Brockhouse (1985) for the S. vernum group, mapping all structural rearrangements, identifying unique features, and establishing evolutionary relationships with closely related species
To examine the evolutionary relationships of S. carthusiense, we compared its banding patterns with the sequences of related species in the S. vernum group, those species that share the pericentric IIIP-1 fixed inversion first recognized by Hunter (1987)
Summary
The Simulium vernum group provides numerous examples of the taxonomic difficulties in the family Simuliidae (Ilmonen et al, 2009). The giant, polytene chromosomes of Simulium carthusiense Grenier & Dorier, 1959 were mapped, and all rearrangements were resolved relative to the standard banding sequence for the S. vernum group.
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