Chitosans for enhanced delivery of therapeutic peptides across intestinal epithelia: in vitro evaluation in Caco-2 cell monolayers

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the transport enhancing effects of two chitosan salts, chitosan hydrochloride and chitosan glutamate (1.5% w/v), and the partially quaternized chitosan derivative, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) (1.5 and 2.5% w/v), in vitro in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transport of the peptide drugs buserelin, 9-desglycinamide, 8-arginine vasopressin (DGAVP) and insulin was followed for 4 h at pH values between 4.40 and 6.20. All the chitosans (1.5%) were able to increase the transport of the peptide drugs significantly in the following order: chitosan hydrochloride>chitosan glutamate>TMC. Due to its quaternary structure, TMC is better soluble than the chitosan salts and further increases in peptide transport were found at higher concentrations (2.5%) of this polymer. The better solubility of TMC may compensate for its lower efficacy at similar concentrations. The increases in peptide drug transport are in agreement with a lowering of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measured in the cell monolayers. No deleterious effect to the cell monolayers could be detected with the trypan blue exclusion technique. The enzyme inhibitory effect of chitosan hydrochloride (1.5%) was compared with carbomer (1.5%) [Carbopol® 934P] in transport studies with buserelin in the presence of the endoprotease, α-chymotrypsin. In the presence of α-chymotrypsin the transport of buserelin was decreased markedly (from 4.3 to 1.3% of the total dose applied) with chitosan hydrochloride (1.5%), in contrast with carbomer (1.5%) where the transport remained constant (1.4% of the total dose applied). Also the chitosan derivative TMC was not able to inhibit α-chymotrypsin. It is concluded from this study that chitosans are potent absorption enhancers, and that the charge, charge density and the structural futures of chitosan salts and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride are important factors determining their potential use as absorption enhancers for peptide drugs, but that they are unable to prevent degradation from proteolytic enzymes. Structural modification of the chitosan molecule may compensate for this shortcoming.