Abstract
Massive blood loss is responsible for numerous causes of death. Hemorrhage may occur on the battlefield, at home or during surgery. Commercially available biomaterials may be insufficient to deal with excessive bleeding. Therefore novel, highly efficient hemostatic agents must be developed. The aim of the following research was to obtain a new type of biocompatible chitosan-based hemostatic agents with increased hemostatic properties. The biomaterials were obtained in a quick and efficient manner under microwave radiation using l-aspartic and l-glutamic acid as crosslinking agents with no use of acetic acid. Ready products were investigated over their chemical structure by FT-IR method which confirmed a crosslinking process through the formation of amide bonds. Their high porosity above 90% and low density (below 0.08 g/cm3) were confirmed. The aerogels were also studied over their water vapor permeability and antioxidant activity. Prepared biomaterials were biodegradable in the presence of human lysozyme. All of the samples had excellent hemostatic properties in contact with human blood due to the platelet activation confirmed by blood clotting tests. The SEM microphotographs showed the adherence of blood cells to the biomaterials’ surface. Moreover, they were biocompatible with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The biomaterials also had superior antibacterial properties against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The obtained results showed that proposed chitosan-based hemostatic agents have great potential as a hemostatic product and may be applied under sterile, as well as contaminated conditions, by both medicals and individuals.
Highlights
Restoration of hemostasis after injury is still an ongoing challenge despite the numerous researches in this area
A band at 1066 cm−1 comes from glycosidic bonds between chitosan mers, whereas a band at 893 cm−1 is typical for pyranose rings
The results show that proposed biomaterials have higher hemostatic activity when compared to pure chitosan [2]
Summary
Restoration of hemostasis after injury is still an ongoing challenge despite the numerous researches in this area. Massive blood loss can be a consequence of a transport accident or may occur on the battlefield [1,2,3]. Hemorrhage appears during surgeries and as a result of certain diseases [4,5,6,7]. Despite modern surgical techniques and new hemostatic materials, bleeding is one of the most common causes of death in surgery [2]. Application of traditional dressings with the purpose to stop a hemorrhage is effective only in the case of superficial wounds. Any skin tissue damage associated with excessive bleeding requires use of a hemostatic agent [7]. In ancient times to prevent massive blood loss various natural components were applied, such as herbs, waxes, grease and others.
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