Chitin promotes equol production via n-acetylglucosamine in human fecal cultures

Abstract

ObjectivesEquol is a metabolite of isoflavone. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary fiber on equol-producing microbiota. MethodsHuman feces was anaerobically cultured in Gifu Anaerobic Medium (GAM) containing 1 mg/L daidzein supplemented with 1 % (w/v) dietary fiber (pectin, chitin, or resistant starch [RS]). The equol conversion rate, number of equol-producing bacteria, pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and microbial composition were measured in fecal cultures. ResultsEquol conversion significantly increased by 2.7-fold in the chitin group compared with the control group. Conversely, the conversion rate decreased to one-tenth in the pectin group and one-third in the RS group. The number of equol-producing bacteria also significantly increased in the chitin group compared with the control group. Whereas pH values and acetate/propionate concentrations decreased in the pectin and RS groups compared with the control group, no significant differences were observed in the chitin group. Microbiota analysis indicated that the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus increased, whereas those of Dorea, Lachnoclostridium, and Eggerthella decreased in the pectin and RS groups. In contrast, these abundances remained stable in the chitin group. The relative abundances of Adlercreutzia and Slackia remained unchanged across all groups. In vitro cultures of Eggerthella sp. strain YY7918 and Adlercreutzia equolifaicens JCM14793 demonstrated that equol conversion from daidzein was stimulated by the addition of 0.5–1% (w/v) n-acetylglucosamine, a breakdown product of chitin, but not chitin itself. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that equol production is stimulated by n-acetylglucosamine, derived from decomposed chitin, in certain equol-producing bacteria without affecting their growth.