Abstract
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors are one of the fundamental components of the internet of things that aims at connecting every physical object to the cloud for the exchange of information. In this framework, chipless RFIDs are a breakthrough technology because they remove the cost associated with the chip, being at the same time printable, passive, low-power and suitable for harsh environments. After the important results achieved with multibit chipless tags, there is a clear motivation and interest to extend the chipless sensing functionality to physical, chemical, structural and environmental parameters. These potentialities triggered a strong interest in the scientific and industrial community towards this type of application. Temperature and humidity sensors, as well as localization, proximity, and structural health prototypes, have already been demonstrated, and many other sensing applications are foreseen soon. In this review, both the different architectural approaches available for this technology and the requirements related to the materials employed for sensing are summarized. Then, the state-of-the-art of categories of sensors and their applications are reported and discussed. Finally, an analysis of the current limitations and possible solution strategies for this technology are given, together with an overview of expected future developments.
Highlights
In the last few years, we have seen a dramatic diffusion of wireless technologies
The other hand, the versatility of inkjet printing allows for deposition of both conductive and sensing the versatility of inkjet printing allows for deposition of both conductive and sensing material using material usinginks twoon different inks on the same substrate, avoiding problems of alignment between two different the same substrate, avoiding problems of alignment between different layers different layers that are typical of microlithography and most integration techniques
Several approaches have been proposed to realize a chipless radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag with an integrated sensor [45], Several approaches have been proposed to realizemainly a chipless tag with an integrated sensor and the choice among the different options depends on the specific parameter to be sensed
Summary
In the last few years, we have seen a dramatic diffusion of wireless technologies. the technological advancements of recent years have paved the way for the diffusion and the increasing pervasiveness of wireless sensors technologies in the framework of the internet of things (IoT). Another class of frequency domain tags are the so-called backscattered chipless-RFID tags, where the resonant elements provide the information through the spectral signature introduced in the response of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) [2] The structure of this kind of tags do not require the presence of an antenna, the size of the tag is strongly reduced because it contains only the resonators. Identification and sensing can be made using similar resonating structures on the same tag For these reasons, the applications of chipless RFID technologies in the field of sensors are steadily growing in number and variety.
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