Chinese Outbound Tourism Demand to Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand Destinations: A Study of Political Events and Holiday Impacts

ABSTRACTThis paper presents data on the top 50 outbound destinations for Chinese tourists from 2002 to 2013. The total number of Chinese tourists traveling to these 50 destinations accounts for 95.38% of outbound travelers from China. We built a dynamic panel data model to measure factors that influence market demand for Chinese outbound tourism. The results show that economic variables such as income, tourism prices, and exchange rates have a significant influence on outbound tourism volume. The effect of bilateral goods trade and leisure time significantly differ between the full sample and the two subsamples, whereas political stability of the destinations and special incidents in China have no significant impact on demand for outbound tourism. Based on these findings, this study proposes strategies to strengthen the management of China’s outbound tourism market.

Understanding Chinese tourist shopping in Australia: a social practice perspective

Research question: This paper investigation whether a relationship exists between ICT as well as between the Internet and tourism demand (inbound and outbound) in EU. Motivation: Our goal was to explore if there exists a strong link between observed determinants. The paper draws on research of Garin-Munoz and Perez-Amaral (2011). Their research indicates the positive relationship between the use of Internet and travels abroad. As well, the paper is based on the research of Ramos and Rodrigues (2013), Bethapudi (2013) and Pulido-Fernandez, Cardenas-Garcua, & Carrukki-Hidalgo (2017). Idea: Because the ICT has a significant impact on tourism demand the core idea of this paper was to explore if there exists the strongest relationship between the use of Internet and outbound tourism demand than relationship between the use of Internet and outbound tourism demand. Data: Research information base has included the ITU 2016, Measuring the Information Society Report 2016, as well as the data about tourism expenditure and total population from Eurostat Database (European Commission, 2017). Tools: The following methods are used in the paper: regression and correlation analysis. Regression analysis has examined the impact of the ICT on the tourism demand. Correlation analysis has examined the relationship between the use of the Internet and tourism demand. Findings: Results of the correlation analyses indicate that there is not a statistically significant correlation between the level of development ICT and tourism expenditure per capita, while that there is a statistically significant correlation between the application of Internet and tourism expenditure per capita. The regression analysis indicates that subindexes of ICT Development Index ( IDI) influence on tourism expenditure per capita. It can be concluded that the ICT and the Internet presents one of the most important determinants of tourism demand. Contribution: In the paper special attention was paid to the ICT as well as Internet as the most important determinants of tourism expenditure on macro level.

Sentiment, mood and outbound tourism demand

The article examines the current features of the tourism sector in Ukraine. The role of external factors in the process of ensuring the effective development of the tourism industry is noted. The author highlights the main factors that contributed to the growth of outbound tourism in Ukraine: the introduction of a visa-free regime with the EU countries, the expansion of air travel and the opening of direct flights, the growth of low-cost tours, the growth of purchasing power of Ukrainians, and the strengthening of the national currency. However, quarantine restrictions closed airports, emptied hotels, and reduced demand for travel agency services. And as soon as the industry began to recover from the coronavirus, Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine again dealt a severe blow to the travel business. It is proved that an important feature of the tourism business is its dependence on sharp seasonal fluctuations in demand for the tourism product. The research results show that outbound tourism in Ukraine has a pronounced seasonality. Further growth in demand for outbound tourism is noted, which in the future will ensure an even greater outflow of foreign currency, which will negatively affect the country's balance of payments and gross domestic product. The main trends in the context of the impact of the level of population income on the development of outbound tourism are identified. The full-scale Russian invasion has had a negative impact on all sectors of the economy. The Ukrainian tourism sector has suffered the most. The closed skies, restrictions on men traveling abroad, and the forced relocation of a large part of the population have certainly limited the ability to travel. As a result of the negative impact of external factors, there has been a drop in demand for foreign tourism and the willingness of a significant proportion of the population to reorient to the consumption of recreational services in Ukraine. Under these conditions, it is of particular importance to study issues related to improving the efficiency of this industry, as well as expanding the range and range of services provided. It is worth noting the growing impact of the tourism industry on the nature of socio-economic processes within urban and rural communities. The growing demand for green and ethnic tourism opens up broad prospects for development for family businesses, as these areas do not require significant material costs as stratum capital. At the same time, there is a question of the proper qualification level of persons planning to realize themselves in the hospitality business, and there is a need for proper organizational and informational support in this area. This, in turn, necessitates the optimization of the theoretical and methodological framework and methodological tools.

In this paper, to understand for motive of chinese tourists to visit korea and to build marketing strategies for chinese tourist inducing much. Above all, visiting motive of chinese are able to know that shopping and experience of korean wave. And medical care tourism growth potential research for present condition and make marketing strategies. Chinese tourists visiting motive is as follows;1st, tourism to shopping. Now famous shopping place of Received (August 20, 2015), Review Request(August 21, 2015), Review Result(September 07, 2015) Accepted(September 30, 2015), Published(October 31, 2015) JANGAN UNIVERSITY 1182, Samcheonbyeongma-ro, Bongdan-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea email : leaoyoon@jangan.ac.kr * 이 논문은 장안대학교 2015년도 연구비 지원에 의하여 연구되었음. A Study about marketing strategies and tour motivation of Chinese tourists who visit korea Copyright c 2015 HSST 154 chinese tourists are dutyfree shop and department store. In there, they famous shopping goods are cosmetics, housewares. It has properties that very diversification and high-grade. Therefore, Marketing strategies must have that such as making much easy to find shopping store and giving good quality shopping goods or service. 2nd, Experience of korean wave. Success of one drama contents came out tour packages visiting drama location. And in there, visiting drama location, experience of korean food and goods of main character in drama increased sales volume. This is because korean wave's vogue and diffusion of internet service in china and popularization of smartphone. Consequently, strategies must have practical use various chanel with making new tour packages add in local's contents and launching famous drama related goods. 3rd, Medical care tourism. Medical care tourism of chinese has very quickly increase every year. And medical expenses per head has increase too. As the medical department for chinese tourists becomes more diverse, then it understood to add plastic beauty moreover dermatology treatment and physical examination. So, strategies must made three-party connection that hospital, travel agency and airline for many chinese medical tourists inducement. It need promote of a hospital coordinator for chinese tourists. In parallel, standard of medical institution service could improve. It must need training of a hospital coordinator for chinese tourists with improvement of medical institution service standard. Key word: Chinese tourists, Visit motivation, marketing strategies, tourism to shopping, Experience of korean wave, Medical care tourism

Past studies have generally assumed that tourism demand is perfectly price-reversible, and tourists respond to price increases and decreases symmetrically. This paper aims to investigate the potential asymmetric effects of tourism prices on outbound US tourism demand for Canada, Mexico, the UK, France, and Italy. Using the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results show that in the long run, asymmetric responses to own-price changes are found for Canada, the UK, France, and Italy. Regarding own-price elasticities, US tourists tend to respond strongly to price increases, while they are insensitive to price decreases in the long run. These findings differ from the results from the linear model in which the own-price elasticities tend to be insignificant. In the short run, tourism demand appears to be more responsive to price decreases than to price increases, suggesting that tourists’ behaviour differs between the short and long run. Examination of the cross-price elasticities indicates that the degrees of substitutability and complementarity between destinations vary, depending on the direction of price changes.

The shift toward luxury tourism has engendered a new class of high-end Chinese tourists, presenting significant opportunities for generating substantial revenue through premium tourism products and services. This study specifically explores Malaysian inbound travel agencies’ perceptions, preparedness, and challenges in attracting luxury Chinese tourists. Through qualitative interviews and thematic analysis, this study delves into nine Malaysian inbound travel agencies’ perspectives on attracting luxury Chinese tourists. The qualitative findings reveal distinct characteristics and preferences of Chinese luxury tourists, notably their substantial financial capability, penchant for shopping activities, preference for authentic local Chinese cuisine, and the significance of Mandarin-speaking tour guides. The Chinese tourists also seek high standards and exclusivity, aspire for unique experiences, and often desire customization in their travel itineraries. However, challenges surface in meeting their unique preferences, including limited infrastructures, the need for customization in luxury services, and bureaucratic hurdles. Despite these challenges, travel agencies assert their readiness to cater to the demands of Chinese luxury tourists, actively promoting and enhancing their high-end offerings. By delving into these aspects, the study provides valuable practical and academic insights into industry strategies and the complexities of serving affluent tourist segments within a multicultural destination.

Effect of air quality in the place of origin on outbound tourism demand: Disposable income as a moderator

This paper, with the use of annual data covering the period 1975 to 2008, seeks to identify the determinants of outbound tourism demand (outbound tourist outflows) in South Africa. We employ cointegration analysis by utilising an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) to make inferences about the long run and short run relationships. The results indicate that in the long run, outbound tourism demand is influenced by the real domestic income and the relative prices. Our results indicate that outbound tourism demand is a luxury good with an income elasticity of 3.5. In the short run, only relative prices have an impact on outbound tourism demand in South Africa. Outbound tourism demand was found to be price inelastic in both periods.

The purpose of this paper is to confirm a scientific and reasonable core enterprise of tourism supply chain in China. First, with historical evolutionism and taxology methods we divided the development of Chinese tourism supply and demand system into two phases, one is a singleness frame phase with travel agency as the core, and the other is a doubleness frame phase with travel agency and tourist attraction as the core. Second, with deduce method analyzed the characteristic of the hinder frame, and pointed they are not strong enough to be core enterprises now. Third, with comparison analyses method pointed tourist attraction is the driving force of supply chain and the optimum core enterprise based on tourism particularity differing from manufacture. The end, discussed its big sense to some aspects of tourism.

Research on outbound tourism demand has not kept pace with the rapid development of research on inbound tourism demand. Economic and non-economic factors of tourism import in countries of origin are investigated using static and dynamic panel data models. A period of 17 years and 35 OECD countries are included in the study. Income in the country of origin, the real effective exchange rate, trade openness, tourism export per tourist arrival, political stability of the country, persistence of habits, and two dummy variables are found to be statistically significant. Inelastic tourism demand factor coefficients show a relatively low level of sensibility of outbound travelers to the changes in their home country, whether related to economic or non-economic factors. Political stability proved to be the most important variable for tourism demand abroad. The unavailability of data on social and psychological demand-related factors turned out to be a problem for longer time series in OECD countries. However, the study provides an insight into how targeted policy measures could influence outbound tourism flows.

The profile of the Chinese tourist is changing. Outbound tourism destinations for Chinese tourists are no longer limited to the Asia-Pacific region. Chinese tourists visit many different destinations, and the areas around the Arctic Circle are growing in attraction. This paper is based on a 2016 online survey about Chinese tourists visiting Rovaniemi, Finland. The questions were based on a previous study of the Finnish Tourist Board conducted in 2003. The results were analyzed and the two studies were compared. The resultant profile of the Chinese tourist visiting the Rovaniemi area showed natural landscapes to be the most important attraction. All respondents had a “must-do” activity, and more than half participated in sport and leisure activities. The state of the environment, natural landscape, and safety conditions were rated most important among tourists. Increasingly, tourists prefer to organize individual trips, using multiple information channels. Currently, Chinese tourists demand deeper tourism experiences. They want to enjoy winter activities in a pure environment, and unique experiences, such as sleeping in an ice or glass hotel. Chinese tourists appreciate the uniqueness that cannot be found in other places. They wish to benefit from travel information from various media, which will allow Chinese tourists to make a complete plan before their journey. Citation: Tommasini D, Zhou S H. Chinese visiting Rovaniemi, Finland: profile and perceptions of Arctic tourists. Adv Polar Sci, 2016, 27: 200-208, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2016.3.00200

This chapter assesses the economic impact of Chinese outbound tourism in Europe. Data shows high demand of Chinese tourists not only for major tourist attractions, but also for relatively small destinations, mainly culturally motivated. The chapter focuses on the case study of Albania. This country is a relatively small and unknown destination compared to European touristic hubs, but endowed with diversified tourist attractions, mainly related to culture. The chapter draws three major research questions. First, what are the main factors that motivate the Chinese demand for tourism in European destinations? Second, does Chinese tourists promote sustainable tourism (having Albania as case study)? Third, what are the main Chinese tourist segments and their drivers, that promote sustainability. Methodology of the study includes first, the desk research proposing the analyses through secondary data related to Chinese outbound tourism demand in different European destinations. Second, the analyses of 20 interviews of tourism operators in Albania give more insight to the drivers of Chinese tourist segments and the relation to economic impact and sustainable tourism development in such destinations. The chapter brings new knowledge to relate what actual literature brings on Chinese tourism segments and their drivers, with the planning for sustainable destinations through the economic impact of Chinese tourist demand. We conclude that the drivers of a high demand from some segments of Chinese tourism market, are related to the way that different European destinations, deal with the sustainability of tourism development. The focus on revenue streams and growth in relation to tourism multiplier effect, without compromising sustainability, is suggested from tourism operators to build sustainable destinations and to benefit from Chinese outbound tourism demand.KeywordsChinese outbound tourism demandEuropean tourism industrySustainabilityTourism destinationsEconomic effect

This study aims to examine the relationship between the demographic structure and outbound tourism demand using panel data from 72 countries and regions during the 2000-2014 period. A panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is employed to prove that there is a nonlinear relationship between demographic factors and outbound tourism demand and that the demographic effects can vary under different income regimes. The empirical results indicate that the impacts of demographic factors on outbound tourism demand change significantly when income constraints are relaxed. Based on this premise, we can better understand the travel characteristics of different groups, which are subdivided according to different demographic factors.