Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong, 1842–1941

Reviewed by: The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine, 1850–1960 by Bridie Andrews Xiaoping Fang Bridie Andrews. The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine, 1850–1960. Contemporary Chinese Studies Series. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2014. 294 pp. $99.00 (cloth). Repr. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2015. 294 pp. $30.00 (paper). Western modernity as the single normative modernity has been the paradigm and criterion used to analyze and measure the rise of Chinese medicine in changing sociopolitical contexts. Within this narrative, the binary dichotomy between "Western" and "Chinese" medicine has been problematic. Bridie Andrews's The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine aims to break this dichotomy by examining the motives driving the active assimilation of Western medicine and the reasons for the rise of a new Chinese medicine. By analyzing the history of modern Chinese medicine, Andrews intends to shed light on the history of Western influences in non-Western societies and on the ways that science is perceived and performed as a marker of modernity. The book investigates the significant issues in modern Chinese medicine in chronological order. Chapters 2 and 3 mainly focus on medical practices up to the early twentieth century. The diverse spectrum of medical practice shows the coexistence of "modern" and "traditional" approaches to medicine and highlights the role of medical pluralism in the modernization process. From chapter 4 to chapter 8, the book analyzes how sociopolitical changes impacted Chinese medicine, facilitated responses to shifts in medical culture by early Chinese medical communities, the state, reformers, and medical professions, and contributed to the rise of modern Chinese medicine. The Japanese medical reform made a great impact on China's medical community and motivated the modern Chinese state to assume responsibility for public health care. Modern social and medical reformers integrated medicine into their struggles for sociopolitical change and the strengthening of Chinese medicine as an indigenous medicine. The rise of professional associations and the establishment of the National Quarantine Service became key events in the institutionalization of Western medicine in China, while the Chinese medical community underwent more significant institutionalization and professionalization. Western medicine also had a significant impact on modern Chinese medicine through the adoption of Western-style case histories and the relocation of acupuncture points in the new acupuncture. This book makes significant contributions to theoretical understandings of the history of Chinese medicine in modern China. Rather than upholding the dichotomy between Chinese and Western medicine, Andrews argues that the process was one of dynamic interactions and mutual impacts. She proposes a set of concepts to describe these effects: "translation" (or "appropriation") and "syncretism." The former involved "appropriat[ing] or translat[ing] elements of culture differently" and included missionary, European, and Japanese medical models for Chinese medicine. The latter implied a two-way exchange affecting both Western and Chinese medical practices, such as the West's curiosity regarding Chinese materia medica and Chinese practitioners' growing interest in Western medical practices and institutions [End Page E-17] (214). Andrews further suggests that "Chinese and Western medicines are two mirrors facing each other at a short distance. Each mirror holds the image not only of the other but also of the other's view of itself (216)." The book also greatly advances empirical understandings of three key issues in the history of medicine in China. First, it vividly reveals aspects of Western medical practice prior to its triumph and aggressiveness in the twentieth century that have been neglected up to this point. As the book shows, there were significant similarities between these and Chinese medicine, notably in the drug combinations used by both. Meanwhile, Western medical missionaries applied the strategy of "accommodation" to downplay the difference between their approach and that of Chinese medicine, such as looking for local substitutes for herbal medicines, comparing market prices, and adopting indigenous architectural styles for hospitals. Second, Andrews profoundly analyzes an important question about the rise of medical professionals with different training backgrounds and political inclinations and the emergence of different professional societies and associations. There were three medical associations by the establishment of the Nanjing Nationalist government in 1928: the China Medical Missionary Association (CMMA; also known as the China Medical Association...

Background and objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis disease and there are various services nowadays. People can choose traditional Chinese medicine besides wstern medicine, which results in health services utilization of plural care phenomena. The purposes of this study were to explore health services utilization of western and traditional Chinese medicine by osteoarthritis patients under the National Health Insurance and its related factors. Method: The source of the data came from claims data of the first to fourth sets of sampled registry of beneficiaries of National Health Insurance of 2004 and 2005. ICD-9-CM with initial three codes as 715 were selected from the panel database. Cases were traced for one year after the first visit in the claims file. A total of 3,841 patients were identified and divided into three groups, namely western medicine care group, Chinese medicine care group, and Chinese and western medicine care group. There were 3,714 patients in western medicine care group, 67 in Chinese medicine care group, and 60 in Chinese and western medicine care group. Data were analyzed by using student’s t test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Stepwise regression analysis was used to explore health services utilization of western and traditional Chinese medicine and its related factors. Result: The proportion of patients using western medicine ambulatory care and emergency, Chinese medicine ambulatory care, Chinese and Western medicine ambulatory care and emergency were 96.69%, 1.74%, and 1.56%, respectively. In terms of patient characteristics, patients tended to be female, aged 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 years old, with comobidity or complications of Spondylosis and allied disorders and Other disorders of soft tissues, other and unspecified disorders of back. For western medicine ambulatory care and emergency, the majority of patients received care from private hospitals, clinics, Taipei Branch. In accordance with Chinese medicine ambulatory care, people received care from public, clinics, Taipei Branch were in the majority. In personal visit of Chinese and Western medicine care, people received care from non-profit proprietary hospitals, clinics, Taipei Branch were in the majority. In terms of health services utilization patterns, the average accumulative medical expenses, accumulative days of prescription, accumulative number of visit for western medicine ambulatory care, were 6,965.41 points per person, 6.33 times, 80.55 days； for Chinese medicine ambulatory 3,883.51 points per person, 4.93 times, 48.1 days； and for Chinese and Western medicine ambulatory care 8,132.72 points per person, 8.38 times, 95.13 days. Multiple regression results indicate that osteoarthritis personal visit, ambulatory and emergency care accumulative expenses per patient visit for Western medicine, days of prescription, accumulative visit times were significantly related to gender, age, comobidities and complication, whether or not have to pay copayment. The accumulative expenses of Chinese medicine visits, days of prescription were significantly related to comobidities and complication, and days of prescription. Accumulative visit times were related to visiting place; ambulatory and emergency care. Accumulative expenses per patient visit for Chinese and Western medicine was significantly related to sex, visiting place. Accumulative visit times and days of prescription were significantly related to ownership of provider. Patients medical treatment models of Western medicine care, Chinese medicine care and Chinese/Western medicine care were significantly related to the accumulative medical expenses and accumulative visit times. Conclusion: This study found that gender, age, copayment status, comobiditries/complication, ownership of provider, contracted category and visiting place of osteoarthritis patients were significantly related to the medical utilization of Western medicine care, Chinese medicine care and Chinese/Western medicine care.

Association between Alopecia Areata and Atopic Dermatitis: Current Evidence.

A considerable proportion of Taiwanese people believe that Chinese medicine is superior for treating the cause of disease (curative therapy) whereas western medicine is mostly concerned with treating symptoms (symptomatic therapy). As a result, when illness arises, the combined use of both Chinese and western medicine is a common practice and referred to as pluralistic health-seeking behaviour. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the relationship between beliefs of superiority of western or Chinese medicine, utilisation of therapy and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes from outpatient departments. The study was conducted between 20 December 2005 and 20 January 2006. We approached 176 patients consecutively, and 151 (85.8%) completed the survey. Seventy-nine patients with diabetes from a municipal Chinese medicine hospital and 72 patients from a near by western medicine hospital in southern Taiwan were recruited. Participants were asked to fill in a structured questionnaire. For those who could not fill in the questionnaire, interviews were conducted. Sixty-four participants took western medicine (42.4%), 65 people (43.0%) used the combination of western and Chinese medicine and 22 (14.6%) used Chinese medicine only. Beliefs about the superiority of Chinese versus western medicine were associated with the patients' utilisation of those therapies. Patients using a combination of Chinese and western medicine had significantly better glycaemic control than patients using Chinese medicine alone. Further research is needed to clarify whether better glycaemic control was the result of the combined therapy, a higher motivation for self-care or both. Nevertheless, a combination of traditional and western medicine plays an important role and should not be ignored in controlling diabetes. However, the cost-effectiveness of such a plural therapy needs to be investigated.

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of treating reflux esophagitis of spleen qi deficiency syndrome by Hezhong-Jianpi decoction. Methods 90 patients in October 2012 to March 2014 in the standard of traditional Chinese medicine hospital of Shanghai were randomly divided into a western medicine group (omeprazole), a Chinese medicine group (Hezhong-Jianpi decoction), and a Chinese and western medicine group (Hezhong-Jianpi decoction + omeprazole), 30 cases in each group. All groups were treated for successive 8 weeks and the changes of the symptoms of integral and esophageal mucosa under gastroscope change situation were observed, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results After the treatment, the esophagus gastroscope integral of the western medicine group, the Chinese medicine group and the Chinese and western medicine group were all significantly improved than those before the treatment group (Z value was respectively -4.351, -4.300, -5.143, P<0.01). Total effective rate was 83.3% (25/30) in the western medicine group, 86.7% (26/30) in the Chinese medicine group, and 90.0% (27/30) in the Chinese and western medicine group, the difference among the three groups was statistically significant (χ2=6.800, P=0.030). The difference of symptoms integral of the western medicine, Chinese medicine, and Chinese and western medicine group was statistically significant (Z values are -5.482, -5.991, -6.120, respectively, P<0.01).Comparison between two groups after treatment showed only Chinese traditional medicine group and the Chinese and western medicine group was statistically significant (Z=-2.113, P=0.040). After the treatment, symptoms as heartburn (Z value -3.390, -3.882, -3.666, respectively), the acid regurgitation (Z value -4.850, -5.004, -5.722, respectively), the food regurgitation (Z value -2.791, -3.422, -2.854, respectively) in the three groups improved significantly than those before the treatment (P<0.01); The retrosternal pain improved significantly in the Chinese and western medicine group after the treatment (Z=-0.873, P=0.380). The pharyngeal foreign body sensation or pain symptoms (Z value were -2.382 and -2.724, respectively), belching symptoms (Z value were -5.074 and -5.061, respectively) in the Chinese traditional medicine group and the Chinese and western medicine group significantly improved after the treatment(P<0.05); The abdominal distension (Z value were 2.772 and -2.032, respectively), the abdominal pain (Z value were 2.26 and 2.02, respectively) in the western medicine group and the Chinese and western medicine group were significantly improved (P<0.05). Conclusion Hezhong-Jianpi decoction can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of reflux esophagitis of spleen qi deficiency, and the curative effect is similar to omeprazole. It has advantage for relieving belch and retrosternal pain. The combined therapy was more effective than either Hezhong-Jianpi or omeprazole, but no difference was showed in the improvement of esophageal gastroscopy. Key words: Esophagitis, peptic; Hezhong-Jianpi decoction; Omeprazole; Treatment outcome

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred in Hong Kong for more than two years. This article conducted a cross-sectional study for participants to investigate the behavioral prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of using Western medicines or herbal products for COVID-19 in Hong Kong. A questionnaire was designed and performed over 2 weeks from 1 May to 15 May 2022. It consisted of five parts with around 20 questions conducted including sociodemographic information, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation of COVID-19, and also the sources of information. The pattern usage of Chinese or Western medicines for COVID-19 was studied after data collection. 318 people participated in this survey, and only 311 were qualified. The sociodemographic information, e.g., personal educational level, and behavior for the prevention of COVID-19, which included wearing masks (98.7%), using alcohol hand sanitizer (83.0%), washing hands frequently (82.4%), avoiding crowds (53.1%), and staying home more often (50.6%). Western medicines, such as antipyretic drugs, antitussive drugs, and pain reliever drugs, whilst Chinese medicines, such as Lianhua Qingwen Jiaonang, Huoxiang Zhengqi San or Wan, and Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa, were most commonly used in the treatment and rehabilitation periods of COVID-19. Herbal products, including lemon, honey, ginger, and herbal tea, were used as a daily diet to fight against COVID-19. Based on the result findings, Chinese medicines or herbal products were used during the COVID-19 pandemic, but most of the participants used an unknown Chinese medicine practitioner's prescription and self-administered Chinese medicine. The pattern of Chinese medicines and Western medicines' usage in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of COVID-19 was also investigated; this showed a statistically significant association between the variables according to gender, age, and Chinese or Western medicines for further investigation.

Expert symposium on severe acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children, a paradigm of exchanges and sharing between Chinese and Western medicine professionals.

BackgroundThis article reports a survey conducted in Hong Kong on the cancer patients' attitudes towards Chinese medicine treatment.MethodsCancer patients from three Chinese medicine clinics and one oncology clinic were interviewed with a structured questionnaire.ResultsOf a total of 786 participants included in the study, 42.9% used Western medicine only; 57.1% used at least one form of Chinese medicine; 5 participants used Chinese medicine only; and 56.5% used Chinese medicine before/during/after Western medicine treatment. Commonly used Western medicine and Chinese medicine treatments included chemotherapy (63.7%), radiotherapy (62.0%), surgery (57.6%), Chinese herbal medicine (53.9%) and Chinese dietary therapy (9.5%). Participants receiving chemotherapy used Chinese medicine (63.3%) more than those receiving any other Western medicine treatments. Spearman correlation coefficients showed that the selection of Chinese medicine was associated with the cancer type (rs = -1.36; P < 0.001), stage (rs = 0.178; P < 0.001), duration (rs = -0.074; P = 0.037), whether receiving chemotherapy (rs = 0.165; P < 0.001) and palliative therapy (rs = 0.087; P = 0.015). Nearly two-thirds of the participants (N = 274) did not tell their physicians about using Chinese medicine. Over two-thirds of all participants (68.2%) believed that integrated Chinese and Western medicine was effective.ConclusionChinese medicine is commonly used among Hong Kong cancer patients. The interviewed cancer patients in Hong Kong considered integrative Chinese and Western medicine is an effective cancer treatment.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of Chinese and Western medicine in the health management of school-age children with asthma and its research progress, with a view to providing a more comprehensive and effective management strategy for the clinic. Methods: Using the method of literature review, this study systematically searched and analyzed the relevant studies on the combination of Chinese and Western medicine in the health management of school-aged children with asthma in recent years, focusing on Chinese medicine treatment, Western medicine treatment, and the combined health management of Chinese and Western medicine. Results: Chinese medicine treatment, Western medicine treatment, and the health management mode of combining Chinese and Western medicine showed unique advantages in school-age asthmatic children. Through the comprehensive use of Chinese medicine’s diagnosis and treatment, Chinese medicine conditioning, Chinese medicine characteristic therapy, and Western medicine’s modern medical methods, it not only effectively relieved asthma symptoms but also significantly improved the quality of life of the children. At the same time, this management mode also focuses on the psychological guidance and family care of the children, forming an all-round and multi-level health management system. Conclusion: The health management strategy of combining Chinese and Western medicine has a broad application prospect in school-age asthmatic children, and its specific interventions and mechanisms of action should be further studied to provide more scientific and systematic guidance for clinical practice.

This paper examines the supply and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Hong Kong during the influenza epidemics of the 1950s and 1960s. Existing narratives of TCM in Hong Kong have predominantly framed with within the dichotomy of Western medicine “Xiyi” and Chinese medicine “Zhongyi,” portraying TCM as marginalized and nearly wiped out by colonial power. Departing from this binary opposition, this study views TCM as an autonomous space that had never been subjugated by the colonial power which opted for minimal interventionist approach toward TCM. By adopting diachronic and synchronic perspectives on Hong Kong's unique environment shaped by its colonial history and the geopolitics of the Cold War in East Asia, particularly its relationships with “China,” this research seeks to reassess the role and status of TCM in post-World War II Hong Kong.In Hong Kong, along with other countries in East Asia, traditional medicine has ceded its position as mainstream medicine to Western medicine. Faced with the crisis of “extinction,” Chinese medical professionals, including medical practitioners and merchant groups, persistently sought solidarity and “self-renewal.” In the 1950s and 1960s, the colonial authorities heavily relied on private entities, including charity hospitals and clinics; furthermore, there was a lack of provision of public healthcare and official prevention measures against the epidemic influenza. As such, it is not surprising that the Chinese utilized TCM, along with Western medicine, to contain the epidemics which brought about an explosive surge in the number of patients from novel influenza viruses. TCM was significantly consumed during these explosive outbreaks of influenza in 1957 and 1968.In making this argument, this paper firstly provides an overview of the associations of Chinese medical practitioners and merchants who were crucial to the development of TCM in Hong Kong. Secondly, it analyzes one level of active provision and consumption of Chinese medicine during the two flu epidemics, focusing on the medical practices of TCM practitioners in the 1957 epidemic. While recognizing the etiologic agent or agents of the disease as influenza viruses, the group of Chinese medical practitioners of the Chinese Medical Society in Hong Kong adopted the basic principles of traditional medicine regarding influenza, such as Shanghanlun and Wenbingxue, to distinguish the disease status among patients and prescribe medicine according to correct diagnoses, which were effective. Thirdly, this paper examines the level of folk culture among the people, who utilized famous prescriptions of Chinese herbal medicine and alimentotherapy, in addition to Chinese patent medicines imported from mainland China. In the context of regional commercial network, this section also demonstrates how Hong Kong served as a sole exporting port of medicinal materials (e.g., Chinese herbs) and Chinese patent medicines from the People’s Republic of China to capitalist markets, including Hong Kong, under the socialist planned or controlled economy in the 1950s and 1960s.It was not only the efficacy of TCM in restoring immunity and alleviating symptoms of the human body, but also the voluntary efforts of these Chinese medical practitioners who sought to defend national medicine “Guoyi,” positioning it as complementary and alternative medicine to scientific medicine. Additionally, merchants who imported and distributed Chinese medicinal materials and national “Guochan” Chinese patent medicine played a crucial role, as did the people who utilized Chinese medicine, all of which contributed to making TCM thrive in colonial Hong Kong.

See related article, pages 1973–1979. The lack of effective and widely applicable pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke patients may explain a growing interest in traditional medicines, for which extensive observational and anecdotal experience has accumulated over the past thousand years. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as “health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being”.1 Unlike Western medicine, which focuses on disease, traditional medicine takes the approach that the body provides external clues to an internal imbalance that can be addressed by interventions such as herbs and acupuncture (holistic treatment approach).2 According to a 2003 WHO report,1 traditional medicine is very popular in all developing countries, and its use is rapidly increasing in industrialized countries. For example, traditional herbal preparations account for 30% to 50% of the total medicinal consumption in China. In Europe, North America and other industrialized regions, over 50% of the population have used traditional medicine at least once. The global market for herbal medicines currently stands at over US $60 billion annually and is growing steadily.1 In recent years, several reviews have been published on the effect and potential benefits of traditional Eastern medicine in stroke.3–7 It has been suggested that some herbal medicines, or their products, may improve microcirculation in the brain,4,8 protect against ischemic reperfusion injury,8,9 possess neuroprotective properties3,4 and inhibit apoptosis,10 thus justifying their use in ischemic stroke patients. However, unlike industrially manufactured pharmacological drugs used in Western medicine, the active (potent) components of herbal medicines often have not been specified and measured precisely, although there have been recent attempts to regulate dosages and use of …

The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the application of Chinese medicine in the treatment of neck and low back pain. The goal was to assess the efficacy, analgesic effect, and safety of Chinese medicine using Cochrane system evaluation standards and conduct a meta-analysis to provide high-quality, evidence-based medical data for clinical practice decision-making. A comprehensive search was conducted in Chinese and English databases, including CBM, CNKI, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The search encompassed randomized controlled trials on the use of Chinese medicine for pain treatment, with a time range from the establishment of each database to October 1, 2021. We have added the referred literature from the online databases for this research. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature, gathered data, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Cochrane Assistance Network risk of bias tool. Safety, reaction rate, and VAS pain score were of interest. To evaluate Chinese medicine's curative and analgesic benefits for pain illnesses, RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.1 were used to analyze selected literature using forest plots, funnel plots, Egger and HarbORd linear regression plots, and star charts. Chinese medicine treated pain in 57 investigations. The analysis yielded (1) a curative effect: Chinese medicine outperformed Western medicine, with no publication bias. The sensitivity analysis matched the meta-analysis that has been performed in this work, and it shows that Chinese medicine treated low back pain better than Western medicine. (2) Analgesic effect: Chinese medicine outperformed Western medicine in analgesia, although the literature is limited for such a claim. Chinese medicine was also more analgesic than Western medicine. (3) Safety: No major side effects were reported in 20 investigations on Chinese medicine's safety. This study provides evidence that Chinese medicine can achieve better clinical efficacy and analgesic effects when comparing Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of neck and low back pain. Furthermore, Chinese medicine demonstrated a favorable safety profile. However, further research is required to explore the use of Chinese medicine specifically for neck pain and to enhance the evidence base for clinical decision-making in pain management.

Objective System evaluation about the clinical efficacyof combining traditional Chinese and western medicine for epidemic keratoconjunctivitispublished at home and abroad by the method of Meta analysis, and provide reference for clinicaltreatment of EKC. Methods Through the collection of PubMed, MEDLINE, China retrieval CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database and China biomedical literature database of Chinese medicine combined with western medicine in the treatment of EKC related Chinese and English literature. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was extracted, and the data of the study were extracted. The combination of Chinese medicine and Western medicine was used as the treatment group, and Western medicine treatment as the control group. According to the requirement of the Meta analysis to evaluate the quality of the literature retrieved, and use the RevMan5.3 for researching according to the Meta analysis, evaluation of the clinical curative effect of EKC. The revised Jadad quality scoring method was used to evaluate the included literature. The chi square test was used to test the heterogeneity of the study. If the P>0.05 indicated the homogeneity was better, the fixed effect model was used; otherwise, the random effect model was used to calculate the combined effect. The total effective rate was expressed by relative risk (OR) and 95% confidence interval. Results 7 trials including 520 patients were included. There were 553 eyes in the treatment group and 469 eyes in the control group. 7 articles are the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group and the control group, the total effective rate of treating EKC, after heterogeneity test, the difference was statistically significant (I2=15%, P>0.05), suggesting good homogeneity, so we use the fixed effect model of Meta analysis. The results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(OR=9.00, 95% confidence interval: 4.53~17.89, Z=6.27, P<0.05). It shows that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine is better than western medicine in the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Conclusion The overall effective rate of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine for EKC is significantly superior to control group. Key words: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; Combination of Chinese traditional and Western medicine; Meta-analysis

Integrative pharmacy is proposed owing to the increasingly profound understanding in complex diseases. It involves new drug research and development, innovation of traditional Chinese medicine, clinical practice of drugs, construction of the pharmacy discipline, cultivation of pharmaceutical professionals, and many other fields. To promote the practice of integrative pharmacy in China, this study clarifies the concept and connotation of integrative pharmacy and proposes future development strategies for integrative pharmacy. The research methods we used in this study includes literature research, academic exchange, and expert consultation. To integrate modern and traditional pharmacy, we suggest that clinical practice guidelines for integrative medication should be established and improved, innovative research of traditional Chinese medicine based on integrative thinking should be encouraged, and clinical application of Chinese and western medicine should be integrated and standardized. To promote the new drug research and development based on integrative pharmacy, the design idea of integrative drugs should be innovated, a drug evaluation system that adapts to integrative pharmacy should be developed,and a new drug development system should be established for integrative drugs. To promote the clinical application of integrative pharmacy, patient-centered clinical medication guidance should be further improved, individualized treatment should be encouraged, the clinical practice content of integrative pharmacy should be enriched, and the rational application of integrative drugs should be emphasized. To promote the construction of the integrative pharmacy discipline, the theoretical and practice curricula for undergraduate education should be enriched based on integrative pharmacy, and educational training and professional collaboration should be strengthened. Integrative pharmacy develops based on the theories and practices of modern pharmacy and integrates the theories and practices of all related disciplines of pharmacy. It is a new pharmacy theory and practice system that can promote human health and improve the existing medical system in China.

Chapter 11 - Integrative Treatments for Vascular Disorders