«Chilote tenía que ser»: Vida migrante transnacional en territorios patagónicos de Chile y Argentina

Museo Nazionale dell'Emigrazione Italiana (MEI)

During the past three decades there have been many studies of transnational migration. Most of the scholarship has focused on one side of the border, one area of labor incorporation, one generation of migrants, and one gender. In this path-breaking book, Manuel Barajas presents the first cross-national, comparative study to examine a Mexican-origin community's experience with international migration and transnationalism. He presents an extended case study of the Xaripu community, with home bases in both Xaripu, Michoacan, and Stockton, California, and elaborates how various forms of colonialism, institutional biases, and emergent forms of domination have shaped Xaripu labor migration, community formation, and family experiences across the Mexican/U.S. border for over a century. Of special interest are Barajas' formal and informal interviews within the community, his examination of oral histories, and his participant observation in several locations. Barajas asks, What historical events have shaped the Xaripus' migration experiences? How have Xaripus been incorporated into the U.S. labor market? How have national inequalities affected their ability to form a community across borders? And how have migration, settlement, and employment experiences affected the family, especially gender relationships, on both sides of the border?

During the Soviet era, the renowned Kirov factory in St Petersburg employed about 50,000 workers. The privatisation of the factory began in 1992, and by 1999 the number of employees had been cut to...

To distinguish typologies of university students in southern Chile on the basis of their level of satisfaction with life and food-related life, and to characterize them according to their eating habits inside and outside the place of residence, aspects associated with health and demographic characteristics. A structured questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 347 students at the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. The instruments for collecting information included the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) and the HRQOL (Health-related Quality of Life Index). Questions were asked about eating habits inside and outside the place of residence, weight and approximate height, and variables for demographic classification. Using a cluster analysis, three student typologies were distinguished, with significant differences in the SWLS and SWFL scores. The typologies differed in the number of days affected by emotional health problems, classification of their nutritional status (BMI), self-perception of their state of health, importance of food to personal well-being, place of residence during the period of studies, frequency of eating in the place of residence and frequency of meals at inconvenient times. The possibility of living with parents during the period of university studies is associated with better eating habits, better emotional health and self-perception of health, lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, and greater satisfaction with the life and food-related life.

Eruption dynamics of the 22–23 April 2015 Calbuco Volcano (Southern Chile): Analyses of tephra fall deposits

Refugees’ Dreams of the Past, Projected into the Future

The southern subspecies of the lesser rhea is distributed through the Argentine Patagonia and southern Chile. Habitat-loss and poaching were identified as the main threats to lesser rhea populations by the IUCN, which classified the species as ‘Least concern’ in 2014. Although Rhea pennata pennata is among the most conspicuous wildlife across the large Patagonian rangelands, the available estimates of abundance are scarce, mostly restricted to reports between 12 and 30 years old, and resulted from different surveying methods. Our purpose in this work was to obtain estimates of R. p. pennata abundance across different sites in the Argentine Patagonia, and to explore the main factors affecting the spatial variation in abundance. We surveyed over 4,000 km of line transects across six sites and obtained abundance estimates using the Distance sampling analysis. Also, we fitted restricted mixed models to evaluate the effects of different factors on the variation in R. p. pennata encounter rates among sites. We found that the abundance of R. p. pennata was very low either in the encounter rate (taking until 113 km of survey to detect a group of rheas depending on the site) or population density (between 0.0063 and 0.28 individuals.km-2). The occurrence of sheep ranching affected negatively the variation in the abundance of R. p. pennata among sites, whereas the availability of grassland habitat increased the chance of finding groups during the surveys. Line-transect surveys following the Distance sampling procedures are adequate to estimate encounter rates, although the low number of observations requires repeated surveys per site to obtain reliable estimates of animal density. Extended and sustained survey efforts and the implementation of a monitoring program are crucial to assess population trends of lesser rheas. Law enforcement to control poaching, increase in public awareness and an action plan to reduce threats are all necessary steps to conserve this emblematic species in Patagonia.

Reviewed by: Black British Migrants in Cuba: Race, Labor, and Empire in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean, 1898–1948 by Jorge L. Giovannetti-Torres Marc McLeod (bio) Jorge L. Giovannetti-Torres. 2018. Black British Migrants in Cuba: Race, Labor, and Empire in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean, 1898–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 305 pp. ISBN: 9781108437585. During the first half of the twentieth century, more than 140,000 British Caribbean workers migrated to Cuba. The history of their experiences, once largely neglected by scholars, has received increasing attention in the last couple of decades, including recent books by Robert Whitney and Graciela Chailloux Laffita, and Phillip Howard. Black British Migrants in Cuba, based on a dissertation completed by Jorge L. Giovannetti-Torres at the University of North London in 2001, is a most welcome addition to the topic. Written in clear, cogent prose, characterized by thoughtful analysis, and informed by extensive research in archives and libraries in numerous locations, it is the most comprehensive study of the subject yet. Following an introduction which adroitly situates the work within multiple scholarly frameworks, the book is organized into ten chapters along general chronological lines, with each chapter developing one or more main themes. Chapter One reaches back into the nineteenth century to examine the roots of racial fear in Cuba and histories of intra-Caribbean migration in the century after slave emancipation in the British Caribbean. Chapter Two details the patterns of labor recruitment and migration to Cuba in the early twentieth century, paying particular attention to the practices of the Cuban American Sugar Company and the United Fruit Company on their plantations in eastern Cuba. Chapter Three explores how increased migration during the 1910s contributed to rising levels of racial anxiety among Cuban elites and government authorities, culminating in the massacre of at least fourteen British Caribbean migrants by Cuban troops in the sugar mill town of Jobabo during political unrest in 1917. Chapters Four and Five consider diplomatic relations between the British and Cuban governments during the eight years after the Jobabo massacre. They illustrate the agency of British Caribbean migrants, who persistently penned letters to government officials and newspapers to demand protection of their rights, but also the reluctance of British officials to represent black workers and the overall limitations of diplomatic representation. The second half of the book surveys the three decades after World [End Page 173] War I, during which recurring crises in the island’s sugar economy posed ever greater challenges to migrants who remained in Cuba, including those hoping to return to their home islands. Chapter Six demonstrates how rising unemployment, anti-migrant nationalism, and anti-black discrimination coalesced with the onset of the Great Depression between 1925 and 1931. Giovannetti-Torres uses the experiences of eastern Caribbean migrants on the Chaparra and Delicias plantations to highlight the power and control over migrant labor wielded by large corporations like the Cuban American Sugar Company. Chapter Seven examines changes in British colonial consular policy from 1925 to 1933 while emphasizing the different experiences between Leeward and Windward Islanders versus Jamaicans, who were represented by a Secretary for Immigration based in Santiago de Cuba that administered a repatriation program to Jamaica during this time. Chapter Eight assesses the impact of Cuban labor nationalization efforts during the 1930s (particularly a 1933 law requiring that fifty percent of employees in most places of work be Cuban nationals) on British Caribbean migrants, which led many to return to their home islands. Chapter Nine looks at the experiences of migrants who remained in Cuba after the 1930s, when British officials feared that further repatriation would exacerbate unemployment and fuel additional labor unrest in British colonies, and thus encouraged migrants to assimilate and remain in Cuba. Chapter Ten reconsiders the main themes of the first chapter while stressing that British Caribbean migrants—in their multiple interactions with Cuban and British (not to mention U.S.) officials and employers—confronted a common ideology of white supremacy. The research that undergirds Black British Migrants in Cuba is impressive. Giovannetti-Torres has mined archives across the Atlantic world, including national, provincial, and municipal archives throughout Cuba as well as collections in Dominica, Jamaica, St. Lucia...

While the search for (better) employment and the uneven distribution of wealth are among the principal triggers of migration worldwide, migration is often discussed as a humanitarian emergency, a social and a security problem, but rarely as a labour issue. This paper aims to foster debate on the interconnectedness of migration and labour history. Re-reading migration and labour history by exploring their interconnectedness is crucial to overcoming Eurocentric and nation-state centric approaches to labour and migration history. This paper discusses the findings of papers presented at two events organised by the ELHN Working Group Labour Migration History in 2021. The first part suggests new lines of inquiry which critically reassess Western-centric understandings and experiences of labour migration during the Cold War. The second part argues in favour of cross-disciplinary study of relations between migration, workers, and the state firmly contextualised as part of global processes of change.

The Berberidaceae family of shrubs has about 20 species present in Chile; however, the Calafate (Berberis microphylla) native to Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia, is the most widely distributed. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of Calafate collected at different locations in southern Chile, specifically Aysén and Magallanes. Methods: 2000 g of Calafate berries were harvested in both regions. The fruit was lyophilized for subsequent quantification of polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Results: All parameters evaluated were superior in the samples from Aysén. Conclusion: The results confirm the high content of polyphenolic compounds present in Calafate, with variations according to the geographical area where they grow. The higher antioxidant capacity of the fruit harvested in Aysén could be associated with the abiotic stress present in that location.

border is a marketplace. The invisible hand of powerful governs crossings. --Amitava Kumar, Passport Photos (219) The emphasis on binational and transnational relations in Studies in last two decades (1) has coincided with important thematic changes in post-movement (2) literature by US writers of Mexican origin. In 1990s and 2000s, autobiographical works by Juan Felipe Herrera, Michele Serros, and Norma E. Cantu, journalistic chronicles (3) of Ruben Martinez and Luis Alberto Urrea, fiction of Sandra Cisneros, Paul S. Flores, Alicia Gaspar de Alba, and Demetria Martinez, as well as performances of Guillermo Gomez-Pena have exposed instances of uprooting, intercultural contact, violence, and exploitation in a wide context of trans-American relations. (4) Many of these writers continue to claim label Chicano for themselves as a sign of intellectual commitment to struggle for social justice of citizens and non-citizens of Mexican origin. However, for these or Chicana authors, relationship between US and Mexico, between US and Latin America, is not only part of past, but also part of present and most immediate future of Latinos in United States. These writers' experiences of physical and cultural mobility as Chicanos and Chicanas certainly constitute a springboard to understand other instances of dislocation that may not be identical to their own, but that are equally rooted in power imbalances between First and Third World. We may say, therefore, that these authors partake of a consciousness, if, following theoretical work of James Clifford and Stuart Hall, refers to voluntary and involuntary migrations and movements resulting from shifting power structures and to new subjectivities and cultural practices within multiple forms of global mobility. Initially, one feels reluctant to apply concept of diaspora to a Mexican American experience such as one narrated in Ruben Martinez's chronicle Crossing Over. Transnational Mexican workers have not definitely abandoned their land, nor is this land distant and remote as term implies. Since seasonal work causes migrant workers to go back and forth from one country to another, they do return to Mexico, although often not at their own will. Thus, when we apply notion of diaspora to these migrants' constant contact with place of origin, we are doing it in a new sense that differs from one often assigned to Jewish or African diasporas. (5) Within shift from cultural nationalism to American transhemispheric relations, mestizo/a, migrant, or diasporic consciousness necessarily faces challenge of coming to grips with disparate nature of transnational conflicts. The socio-economic divisions between Third and First World that border metaphorically represents can be felt both in North and in South with different degrees of intensity and with site-specific dynamics that cannot be overlooked. We should consider, quoting Lora Romero, that the border cuts both ways (247) and that it cuts differently depending on which side we find ourselves. Thus, in crossing over into Latin America, writer will have to grapple with representation of those who live south of border and may want to cross legally or illegally in opposite direction with purposes and socio-cultural backgrounds that differ considerably from hers or his. A discussion of representation of turn-of-this-century transnational migration by a second-generation like Ruben Martinez will always be tied to issues of otherness, for interaction between Mexican and will bring to fore responses in accordance with writer's cultural, gender, class, and racial position north and south of border. As Amitava Kumar observes, post-colonial writing acquires a preeminent critical potential when an experience of migration and travel is used to dwell on a global condition of displacement, but it is also then that this writing reveals its shortcomings at representing those whose voice is often silenced (10). …

Research in the field of transnationalism has largely focused on the experience of migrants in the host country and only offhand remarks have been documented on those who have returned or moved on to a third place of residence. Underlying reasons are that return migration to a place of origin is understood to convey a sense of closure, finality, and completion of the migration journey and that the experience of migrants who have returned to their homeland is predicated to weaken their linkages with their previous host country. However, for Hong Kong Chinese migrants who emigrated prior to the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, return migration to Hong Kong is often another stage in a continuing journey with further movements ahead. This chapter evaluates the use of the concept of transnationalism, identifying gaps in the literature that have emerged from the applications of transnational framework in return migration research. In particular, I argue that the ways in which identifications operate for Chinese returned migrants in Hong Kong requires a multi-faceted conceptualization of transnationalisms, which encompasses a focus on the migrants’ ‘inverted’ transnational linkages.

Mainstream Malayalam cinema of the south Indian state of Kerala has, for the most part, attempted to sidestep the significance of Gulf migration to the region’s development. Part of the reason for this historical neglect has been the prevalence of a particular hegemonic vantage point within the films that has centralized the narratives of the landed elites in Kerala, eliding the various historically marginalized communities within the state. This article engages with a recent development within the film industry. It examines how Gulf migration has shaped the affective dimensions and expanding territorial imagination of the New Malayalam Cinema, which has positioned labour migration as one of its central thematic concerns. It is argued that this shift was made possible by the displacement of the universalized territorial imagination of the landed elites in the state that dominated its film industry for most of its history. Subsequently, this article will closely study how director Zakariya places his debut film Sudani from Nigeria (2018) within this new cinematic category, and will demonstrate how he portrays the region of rural Malappuram in north Kerala as a nexus of various migrant experiences, crucially invoking an underlying older order of cosmopolitanism prevalent in the region, fuelled partly by the history of Gulf migration and partly by a tradition and history of migration and transnationalism that predates the formation of the Indian state.

Mental health is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of wellbeing in which people are aware of their own abilities to cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to their community. Among the minority groups that may be vulnerable to experiencing greater risks for their physical and mental health and full development is the migrant population. The mobile population's migration experience, from their place of origin to destination translates into psychosocial problems and clearly stressful conditions which could be resolved using certain coping strategies. Accordingly, numerous epidemiological studies have found differences in the prevalence of mental health problems between migrants and native-born residents of destination countries, as well as between migrants and their non-migrant co-nationals. To describe sociodemographic characteristics of the Latino migrant population in the United States who visited the Health Windows (HW) and Mobile Health Units (MHU) in 2021, who may have been at risk for mental, neurological or substance use disorders and agreed to a screening for signs and symptoms of mental health conditions. Users of the HW and MHU were offered preventive health services and completed a mental health screening. These variables were registered in SICRESAL. If their results showed signs and symptoms of mental health conditions, they were screened by credentialed professionals from the Psychology Faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Screened individuals received a diagnosis and specialized care remotely and/or online with the MHU and HW network partners. To analyze sociodemographic variables corresponding to neurological or substance induced mental illness among the Latino migrant population in the United States who visited the Ventanillas de Salud (VDS)/Health Windows (HW), and Unidades Móviles de Salud (UMS)/Mobile Health Units (MHU), during 2021; contingency tables were created showing percentages and chi square with a significant p < 0.05. During 2021 HW and MHU completed a total of 794 mental health screenings of which 84% were completed at HW. Further, 59% were women with an average age of 43, ranging from 7 to 86 years of age. Twenty percent 20% of the population who voluntarily agreed to screening yielded a positive result for some type of mental health symptom or problem. This percentage (37%) was greater among those who consulted MHU. With respect to age, results showed that youth were at greatest risk for mental health problems. Among the screened population, the independent variables, type of Health Window attended, gender, age group, and place of origin are related to the existence of some type of mental health symptom or problem yielding a significance level of <0.05 for depression and anxiety symptoms. In this study, as in others, the migrant population that visited the HW and UMS in 2021 reported a greater risk of mental health problems, with symptoms related to depression and anxiety among the socio-demographic variables of gender, age group, and place of origin. Thus, these symptoms relate to being a female aged between 18 and 38 and originating from Mexico. Finally, the possibility of screening the migrant population for signs and symptoms of mental health conditions that attended the Health Windows or Mobile Health Units during 2021, made it possible to refer them to psychology or psychiatry services and improve the quality of life of those who accessed the services and, consequently, that of their families and communities. The main limitation is associated with the information source since we worked with secondary data and relied on the information provided by those who attended both the HW and the MHU.

Exploring the spatial characteristics of the human mobility network in rural settings of China's Greater Bay Area